???? ?????

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??? ???? ??	????? medical service (en)
??? ??	??? ????????????
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????? ??????	50 ???????

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????? - ????? ????? - ????? ???? ??????

?????? ??????? ^[1] ?? ???? ??? ( ??????????? : X ray )? ?? ???? ????????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 10 ??????? ??? 10 ??????? ? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 30 ???????? ??? 30 ???????? ( 30 × 10 ¹⁵  Hz ??? 30 × 10 ¹⁸  Hz )? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 124 ??????????? ??? 124 ???????????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????. ^[2] ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? 1895 ?? ????? ????????? ? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? 1901 .

?????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. ^[3]

??????????? [ ??? ]

• ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????. ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????.
• ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????.
• ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????.
• ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????
• ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ( ???????? ) ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????.
• ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???.

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???? ?????? ??????? ????????:

• ?????? ????? (?????) ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? - ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? (?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ???).
• ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????.

????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? voltage ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? (???? ????? ??? ???? ??????) ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? 99 % ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? 1% ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????.

??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? 2250 ???? ?????.

??????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????:

1) ??????? ??????????? (???????????: photoelectric effect ): ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ( X-RayDetector ).

2) ????? ??????? (???????????: Compton scattering effect ): ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????? . ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? . ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????.

???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????. ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? (DNA) ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????.????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????.

????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???.

?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

(???????????: Radiation ???? ??????? ) ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????.

????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ; ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???:

1. ??????? (???????????: ????? ) : ????? ?? ??????X , ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? EM radiation ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? / ??? C/Kg ????? ????? 3876R . ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ; ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? :

X(d2)=X(d1)* (d1/d2)^2

2. ?????? (???????????: Dose ): ????? ?? ?????? D , ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? rad .

???? ??? 1?2 ??????? ????? ???:

D=f*X , ??? ?? f-factor ????? ???????.

3. ?????? ???????? (??????????? : Dose equivalent ): ???? ??? ?????? H, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????.

???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????:

H=D*Q

?????? rems ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? rads , ?? Silevert (SV ) ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? gray .

???: ???? ?????? Q ( quality factor ) ; ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????.

4. ?????? ??????? (???????????: Effective dose ): ????? ?? ? Deffective ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????.

??? Deffective =sum (wi*Hi)

???? ?? ???? sum (wi)=1 .

?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????. ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????.

??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

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• ??? (????)
• ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????
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• ????? ?????? ???????

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