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??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? . ^[1]^[2] ???? ??? 142 ?? / 759 ? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? (????? ?? ??????? ). ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? 144??/761? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????. ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 172 ?? / 788? ? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ? ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? . ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? . ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? . ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? .

???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????: ≪???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????≫? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? .

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? 204 ?? / 819? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? 212 ??/827? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? 18 ???? ????? ??? 212 ??/17 ????? 827 ? ??????. ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ≪???????≫?

???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 213 ?? / 828 ? ????? ?? ≪???????≫. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ≪?????? ????????≫ ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????????.

?? ???? ??????? ≪??????? ?? ??? ????????≫ ???? ?????.

????? [ ??? ]

^ Gabriele Crespi (1982). L'Europe musulmane (?????????). Paris: Zodiaque. 76
^ Irfan Shahid (1995). Byzantium and the Arabs in the sixth century (???????????). Washington: Dumbarton Oaks. Vol. II. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. 632

???? ???? [ ??? ]

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??? 2 ??	???? ?? ??? (179??) ??? ?? ???? (183??) ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? (191??) ??? ???? ?? ??? (197??)
??? 3 ??	???? ?? ??? ?????? (204??) ??? ?? ?????? (213??) ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? (214??) ???? ?? ????? (225??) ???? ?? ???? ?????? (234??) ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? (238??) ????? (240??) ?????? (255??) ??? ???? ????? (258??) ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? (260??) ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? (268??) ??? ?????? (269??) ??????? ?? ????? ?????? (282??)
??? 4 ??	???? ?? ???? ?? ????? (314??) ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? (319??) ???? ?? ???? ??????? (325??) ??? ??? ?? ????? (333??) ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? (367??) ??? ??? ??????? (375??) ???? ???? ?? ?????? (378??) ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? (378??) ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? (381??) ??? ??? ??? ????????? (386??) ???????? ???????? (387??) ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? (396??) ??? ?????? (397 ??)
??? 5 ??	???? ?? ??? ??????? (402??) ??? ??? ????????? (402??) ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? (411??) ??? ?????? ???????? (413??) ???? ?? ??? (413??) ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? (414??) ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? (416??) ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? (419??) ??? ???? (429??) ??? ????? ?????? (430??) ??? ?? ??? ???? (437??) ??? ???? (449??) ??? ?????? ?? ???? (450??) ??? ??? ???? (463??) ???? ?? ???? (469??) ??? ?????? ?????? (474??) ??? ????? ?????? (478??) ??? ???? (487??)
??? 6 ??	??? ??? ???????? (520??) ??? ??? ???? (520??) ??????? (536??) ??? ????? (536??) ??? ??? ?? ?????? (543??) ?????? ???? (544??) ??? ?????? ??????? (581??) ??? ???? ???????? (581??) ??? ??? ?? ???? (586??) ???? ??? ???? (594??) ??? ??? ?????? (595??) ??? ????? (597??) ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? (599??)
??? 7 ??	??? ??? ??????? ?????? (616??) ??? ?????? ?????? (628??) ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? (633??) ??? ?????? ?????? (633??) ???? ???????? (638??) ??? ?? ???? (639??) ??? ?????? (646??) ??? ????? ??????? (671??) ???? ????? ??????? (684??)
??? 8 ??	???? ???????? (704??) ??? ???? ???? ???????? (709??) ??? ????? ?????? (719??) ??? ????? ?????? (723??) ??? ????? ?????? (737??) ??? ??? ?????? (741??) ???? ?? ????? ???????? (760??) ???? ?? ????? ?????? (767??) ????? ????? ???????? (777??) ??? ?????? ???????? (786??) ??????? ?? ???? ??????? (790??) ??? ????? (799??)
??? 9 ??	??? ???? (803??) ??? ????? (808??) ??? ?????? ???????? (818??) ???? ?? ????? ????? (827??) ??? ???? ???????? (829??) ??? ????? ?????? (832??) ??? ?????? ??????? (844??) ??? ????????? (815??) ????? ????????? (846??) ??????? ?? ???? (857??) ??? ??????? ???????? (872??) ???? ??????? (881??) ??? ????? ??? ???????? (891??) ??? ?????? (899??) ???? ???? (899??)
??? 10 ??	??????? ?? ???? ????????? (903??) ??? ???? ???????? (910??) ??? ?????? ????????? (914??) ???? ?? ??? ???? (920??) ??? ????? ??????? (939??) ??? ????? ??????? (942??) ?????? (954??)
??? 11 ??	???? ???????? (1015??) ??? ?????? ?? ???? (1040??) ???? ????? (1072??) ??? ?????? ?????? (1096??) ??? ?????? ???????? (1099??)
??? 12 ??	???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? (1122??) ???? ????? ???????? (1126??) ??????? ?? ???? ??????? (1137??) ??? ?? ?????? ?????? (1183 ??)
??? 13 ??	???? ??????? (1201??) ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? (1214??) ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? (1230??) ???? ?????? ??????? (1241??) ???? ???? (1299??)
??? 14 ??	??? ?????? ?? ????? (1358??) ???? ????? (1360??) ????? ?????? (1380??) ???? ?????? ?? ????? (1393??) ??? ?? ???? ?????? (1399??)
??? 15 ??	???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? (-) ???? ???? (-) ???? ?????? (-)
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??? 2 ??	??? ????? ??????? (150??) ??? ?? ?????? (158??) ??? ???? (182??) ???? ?? ????? ???????? (189??)
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??? 4 ??	?????? ??????? (320??) ??????? (321??) ??? ???? ?????? (331??) ??? ????? ????????? (333??) ??? ????? ?????? (340??) ?????? ????????? (342??) ???? ????? ?????? (344??) ??? ??? ?????? (370??) ??? ????? ????????? (375??) ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? (390??)
??? 5 ??	??? ??? ????????? (403??) ??????? (428??) ??? ??? ??????? (430??) ??????? (436??) ??? ???? ???????? (444??) ??????? (446??) ??? ?????? ???????? (448??) ??????????? (449??) ???? ????? ????????? (450??) ?????? (461??) ???????? (465??) ??? ?????? ??????? (483??) ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? (485??) ??? ?????? ???????? (489??) ??? ????? ??????? (493??) ??? ???????? (499??)
??? 6 ??	??? ?????? ?????? (508??) ??? ?????? (512??) ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? (533??) ??? ????? ??? ?????? (537??) ??? ????? ???????? (543??) ????? ?????? (536??) ???????? (538??) ??? ????? ???? (569??) ??? ????? ??????? (571??) ??? ????? ???????? (580??) ???? ????? ???????? (587??) ????? ????? ???????? (591??) ??? ????? ??????? (592??) ????? ????? ?????????? (593??) ???? ????? ??????? (593??)
??? 7 ??	???? ????? ??????? (619??) ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? (624??) ??????? (626??) ??? ???? ??????? (628??) ???? ????? ??????? (636??) ??? ????? ??????? (650??) ??? ??? ?????? (654??) ??? ????? ????? ??????? (658??) ??? ????? ?????? (666??) ???? ????? ?????? (672??) ??? ????? ??????? (683??) ????? ????? ?????? (687??) ??? ????? ????????? (690??)
??? 8 ??	??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? (710??) ???? ????? ???????? (711??) ??? ????? ?? ??????? (728??) ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? (730??) ???? ????? ?????????? (733??) ??? ??????? ?????? (747??) ?????? ?? ???? (762??) ???? ????? ??????? (762??) ???? ????? ??????? (773??) ??? ?????? ?????? (775??) ???? ????? ???????? (786??) ??? ????? ?????????? (793??)
??? 9 ??	??? ??? ?????? (800??) ?????? ???????? (816??) ??? ??? ??? (819??) ??????? (827??) ??? ????? ????? (835??) ???? ????? ??????? (841??) ??? ????? ???????? (845??) ??? ?????? (854??) ??? ????? ?????? (855??) ?????? ?? ?????? (861??) ??? ?? (863??) ??? ????? ??????? (870??) ?????? (872??) ???? ????? ??? ?????? (877??) ??? ??????? (879??) ??????? (879??) ??? ???? (885??) ????? ???????? (891??)
??? 10 ??	????????? (906??) ??? ???? (940??) ???? ????? ???? (952??) ??? ????? ????????? (962??) ??????? ???? (968??) ??? ????? ?? ???? (970??) ??? ????? ???????? (975??) ??? ?????? ????? (982??)
??? 11 ??	???? ?? ????? ?????? (1000??) ??? ????? ????? (1005??) ????? ??? ?????? (1014??) ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? (1016??) ??? ???? ????????? (1025??) ???? ???????? (1034??) ??? ???? ??????? (1052??) ??? ?????? ?????????? (1067??) ???? ????? (1067??) ?????????? (1069??) ??? ????? ?????? (1081??) ??? ???? ?? ?????? (1084??) ???? ????? ??????? (1088??) ??? ?????? ???????? (1093??) ???? ????? ??????? (1097??)
??? 12 ??	???????? ??????? (1118??) ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? (1119??) ??? ???? (1130??) ??? ???? ???? (1135??) ??? ?????? ???? (1139??) ??? ????? ???????? (1143??) ??? ????? (1146??) ??? ????? ?????? (1149??) ???? ????? ???????? (1161??) ???? ???? ?????? (1174??) ??? ???? ??????? (1176??) ??? ??? ???? ??????? (1176??)
??? 13 ??	????? ??????? (1205??) ???? ???? ??????? (1206??) ??? ???? ????? ??????? (1225??) ?? ????? ??????? (1235??) ??? ?????? ??????? (1239??) ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? (1241??) ??? ?????? (1252??) ???? ???? (1275??) ???? ???? ????????? (1297??) ??? ????? ???????? (1298??)
??? 14 ??	??? ???? ??????? (1304??) ???? ?? ???? ???????? (1305??) ???? ???? ????????? (1308??) ?????? ??????? (1315??) ???? ???? ???????? (1323??) ???? ???? ????? (1324??) ???? ?? ???? (1330??) ???? ???????? (1332??) ???? ???? ???? ????????? (1333??) ???? ???? ?????????? (1335??) ????? ??? ????????? (1339??) ???? ????? ?????? (1341??) ????? ??????? (1343??) ???? ???? ??????????? (1346??) ???? ??? ???????? (1352??) ???? ???? ??????? (1354??) ???? ???????? (1355??) ??? ?????? ??????? (1360??) ???? ???? ???? (1361??) ???? ??? ???????? (1362??) ??? ?????? ???????? (1363??) ???? ????? ?????????? (1364??) ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? (1368??) ???? ???? ??????? (1371??) ????? ???? (1373??) ???? ???? ?????? (1377??) ????? ????? (1383??) ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? (1384??) ???? ???????? (1386??) ???? ??? ???? (1394??) ??? ???? ?????? (1394??) ???? ????? ?????? (1397??) ???? ???? ??????? (1397??)
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