???? ???? ?????

?????	???????? ???????
??????????	43°01′N 83°41′W / 43.01°N 83.69°W
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ???? ????? ( ??????????? : Flint water crisis) ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 2014 ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? . ?? ????? 2014 ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? (?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????) ??? ??? ?????. ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? 100.000 ???? ???????? ?????? ????????. ^[1] ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? 16 ?????? 2015. ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? 30 ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? 22 ?????? 2017.

?? 5 ????? 2016 ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????. ^[2] ???? ?? ??? 6.000 ?12.000 ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? 12 ????? ???? ??? 87 ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????? ???????: ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ^[3] ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????.

?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 2016? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ^[4] ?? ????? ??? 2017 ??? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? 2019 ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ^[5]^[6]^[7] ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? 2.500 ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? 2019. ^[8]

???????? ?? 2 ?????? 2020 ?? ??? 26.232 ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? 9.769 ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? 16.463 ??????? ???????. ???????? ?? 8 ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? 500 ?? ????. ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? 31 ?????? 2020. ^[9] ?? 20 ????? 2020 ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? 600 ????? ?????? ?? ????? 80? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ^[10] ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? 641 ????? ?????. ^[11] ?? ????? 2021 ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????. ^[12]

????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? 1901 ?1920. ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? 1967? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ???? ?? ???? ???? 43.000 ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????: 3.500 ?? ????? ?9.000 ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?9.000 ?? ???? ??? ?????. ^[13]

????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? 2012 ??? ??? 2016 ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ≪????? ???????≫ ???? 5 ????????? ??? ??????? (?????????/???????) ?? ??? ??????? 2.5? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? 45 ????????? / ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????. ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[14]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Clearfield? Chris? Tilcsik? Andras (2018). Meltdown: Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It . New York: Penguin Press. ?. 121 ?128. ISBN : 978-0-7352-2263-2 .
^ "President Obama Signs Michigan Emergency Declaration" (Official White House press release). 16 ????? 2016. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-01-16 .
^ Keller? Andrew (18 ????? 2016). "United Way estimates cost of helping children $100M" . WNEM-TV . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-02-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-07-25 .
^ Madrigal, Alexis C. (3 Jan 2019). "How a Feel-Good AI Story Went Wrong in Flint" . ?? ???????? (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2021-01-07 . Retrieved 2020-04-10 .
^ Manchester, Julia (9 Jan 2019). "Michigan congressman says Flint's water still not safe to drink" . ?? ?? (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-10-31 . Retrieved 2019-02-09 .
^ TheHill (3 Aug 2019). "Status Coup Journalist Jordan Chariton exposes wrongdoing in Flint water testing" . YouTube (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2020-11-10 . Retrieved 2020-04-23 .
^ Fleming, Leonard N. (4 Dec 2018). "Flint: Water line replacement won't be done till 2019" . The Detroit News (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-11-24 . Retrieved 2018-12-06 .
^ Ahmad? Zahra (11 ????? 2019). "Roughly 2,500 lead service lines left to replace in Flint" . The Flint Journal . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-07-25 – ??? MLive.com.
^ Officials: Flint makes progress toward ending water crisis The Detroit News , December 8, 2020 ???? ?????? 2020-12-08 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "Youngest Flint water crisis victims to get 80 percent of historic $600 million settlement" . The Flint Journal . 20 ????? 2020. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-03 – ??? MLive.com.
^ Proposed Flint $641M water crisis settlement includes 30 claim process categories The Flint Journal via MLive.com, November 18, 2020 ???? ?????? 2020-12-10 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "Michigan plans to charge ex-Gov. Snyder in Flint water probe" . AP NEWS . 12 ????? 2021. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-01-13 .
^ Johnson? Jiquanda (31 ???? 2016). "City officials set to accept proposals to replace lead lines in Flint" . The Flint Journal . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-02-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-05-31 – ??? MLive.com.
^ "ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Lead" (PDF) . Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . ????? 2007. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2020-11-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-04-08 .

???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] Clearfield? Chris? Tilcsik? Andras (2018). Meltdown: Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It . New York: Penguin Press. ?. 121 ?128. ISBN : 978-0-7352-2263-2 .

[2] "President Obama Signs Michigan Emergency Declaration" (Official White House press release). 16 ????? 2016. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-01-16 .

[healthstats-3] Keller? Andrew (18 ????? 2016). "United Way estimates cost of helping children $100M" . WNEM-TV . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-02-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-07-25 .

[auto5-4] Madrigal, Alexis C. (3 Jan 2019). "How a Feel-Good AI Story Went Wrong in Flint" . ?? ???????? (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2021-01-07 . Retrieved 2020-04-10 .

[5] Manchester, Julia (9 Jan 2019). "Michigan congressman says Flint's water still not safe to drink" . ?? ?? (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-10-31 . Retrieved 2019-02-09 .

[auto3-6] TheHill (3 Aug 2019). "Status Coup Journalist Jordan Chariton exposes wrongdoing in Flint water testing" . YouTube (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2020-11-10 . Retrieved 2020-04-23 .

[7] Fleming, Leonard N. (4 Dec 2018). "Flint: Water line replacement won't be done till 2019" . The Detroit News (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-11-24 . Retrieved 2018-12-06 .

[8] Ahmad? Zahra (11 ????? 2019). "Roughly 2,500 lead service lines left to replace in Flint" . The Flint Journal . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-07-25 – ??? MLive.com.

[9] Officials: Flint makes progress toward ending water crisis The Detroit News , December 8, 2020 ???? ?????? 2020-12-08 ?? Wayback Machine

[10] "Youngest Flint water crisis victims to get 80 percent of historic $600 million settlement" . The Flint Journal . 20 ????? 2020. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-03 – ??? MLive.com.

[11] Proposed Flint $641M water crisis settlement includes 30 claim process categories The Flint Journal via MLive.com, November 18, 2020 ???? ?????? 2020-12-10 ?? Wayback Machine

[12] "Michigan plans to charge ex-Gov. Snyder in Flint water probe" . AP NEWS . 12 ????? 2021. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-01-13 .

[13] Johnson? Jiquanda (31 ???? 2016). "City officials set to accept proposals to replace lead lines in Flint" . The Flint Journal . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-02-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-05-31 – ??? MLive.com.

[14] "ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Lead" (PDF) . Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . ????? 2007. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2020-11-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-04-08 .

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