?? ????

?? ????
??????? ?????
??? ???????	( ??????????? : Alfred Emanuel Smith )?
???????	30 ?????? 1873 ; ????? ???????
??????	4 ?????? 1944 (70 ???) ; ????? ???????
??? ??????	???? ?????
??????	???????? ???????
??? ???????	5
?????
???? ??????? (42 )
	?? ?????? ; 1 ????? 1919 ? 31 ?????? 1920
	?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????
???? ???????
	?? ?????? ; 1 ????? 1923 ? 31 ?????? 1928
	????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????
?????? ???????
??????	?????
?????	????? ?????????? ????????
??????	??????????
???????
	??????? ????? ‏ (1929)
	????? ????? - ?????

?????? ???????? ???? ( ??????????? : Al Smith )? (30 ????? ????? 1873 - 4 ????? ????? 1944 )? ????? ?????? . ^[2]^[3]^[4] ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? . ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? 1919 ??? ??? 1920 ? ???????? ?? ??? ???? 1923 ??? ??? 1928 . ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? 1928 ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? .

???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? -????? ?? ?????? ???????- ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? . ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1904 ??? ??? 1915? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1913. ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1916 ??? ??? 1917. ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1918? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? 1920? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? 1922 ???? 1924 ???? 1926. ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????. ^[5]

??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????. ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? 1928. ??? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ????? (??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????)? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ≪??????≫? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ≪??????≫ ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1928. ^[6]

??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1932? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?. ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????.

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? (??????? ?????? ????? ≪??????≫ ??? ??? ???)? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ^[7]

???? ??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1904 (??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????)? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? 1915. ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????????. ^[8]

???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? 146 ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1911. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????. ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?. ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?. ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? 222 ???? ???? ????? 3500 ???? ?? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? 200 ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????. ^[8]

??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ≪???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????≫. ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1911 ??? ??? 1913 ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ^[9]

??? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? 1911? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1913 ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? 1914 ???? 1915. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 1915? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ^[10]

??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1929. ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????. ^[11]

??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? 1933? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ≪???????: ?????? ??? ???????≫ ?????? ??? 1934. ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1938. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ≪?? ????? ???????? ???????????≫ ?????? 17 ?????? ??? 1938.

??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ≪????? ????? ???????? ?????≫. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 1939? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????: ≪????? ?????? ??. ??? ??? ??????.≫

??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1939? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????. ^[12]

???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 4 ?????? ??? 1944 ?? ??? ????? 70 ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? 4 ???? ??? 1944. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.

????? [ ??? ]

^ https://laetare.nd.edu/recipients/#info1929 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ "??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? purl.org" . purl.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-27.
^ "??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? catalog.archives.gov" . catalog.archives.gov. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-25.
^ "??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? d-nb.info" . d-nb.info. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-10-30.
^ Neal R. Pierce, The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven States of the Deep South (1974), pp 123?61
^ Daniel Okrent, Last Call , 2010.
^ "New York State Census, 1855; pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1942-25847-12175-45 ? FamilySearch.org" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-10-24.
^ ^? ^? Von Drehle? David (2003). Triangle: The Fire That Changed America . New York, NY: Grove Press New York. ?. 204?210 . ISBN : 0-8021-4151-X . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-27.
^ "Obama, the Triangle Fire and the Real Father of the New Deal" . ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-08-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-25 .
^ The New York Times : "Factory Firetraps Found by Hundreds," October 14, 1911 , ???? ?????? 2021-08-30 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Slayton, Empire Statesman (2001) pp 92?92
^ MacArthur? Brian (1 ???? 2000). The Penguin Book of 20th-Century Speeches . Penguin (Non-Classics). ISBN : 0-14-028500-8 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ??? ???? Encyclopædia Britannica Online (??????????)
?? ???? ??? ???? NNDB people (??????????)

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ?? ????

[wikidata-da7a758aca1abcb498e0944910b427f65f39b751-1] ttps://laetare.nd.edu/recipients/#info1929 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[2] "??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? purl.org" . purl.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-27.

[3] "??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? catalog.archives.gov" . catalog.archives.gov. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-25.

[4] "??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? d-nb.info" . d-nb.info. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-10-30.

[5] Neal R. Pierce, The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven States of the Deep South (1974), pp 123?61

[6] Daniel Okrent, Last Call , 2010.

[7] "New York State Census, 1855; pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1942-25847-12175-45 ? FamilySearch.org" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-10-24.

[Von_Drehle_2003_204-210-8] ? ^? Von Drehle? David (2003). Triangle: The Fire That Changed America . New York, NY: Grove Press New York. ?. 204?210 . ISBN : 0-8021-4151-X . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-27.

[9] "Obama, the Triangle Fire and the Real Father of the New Deal" . ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-08-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-25 .

[10] The New York Times : "Factory Firetraps Found by Hundreds," October 14, 1911 , ???? ?????? 2021-08-30 ?? Wayback Machine

[11] Slayton, Empire Statesman (2001) pp 92?92

[12] MacArthur? Brian (1 ???? 2000). The Penguin Book of 20th-Century Speeches . Penguin (Non-Classics). ISBN : 0-14-028500-8 .

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???????	???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? (???? ????) ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? Bouck ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?. ???? ????? ?. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??. ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??. ??? Flower ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? Lehman ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????
????? ???????	???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? J. Van Rensselaer ??? ???? ??? ?????? (???? ????) ????? ??????? ??? ?????? Swift (???? ????) ??? ?????? ??????? ??? Tallmadge ???????? ????? ???? ?. ?????????? (???? ????) ?????? ???? (???? ????) ???? ?????? ???? Stebbins (???? ????) ?????? ??. ?????? (???? ????) ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? Bradish ?????? ??. ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? (???? ????) ???????? ??? ???? ?????. ??????? ??????? ??. ????? ???? ?????? ??????? Selden ????? ????? ????? ?. ?????-???? Alvord Woodford ???? ?. ???? ??? ?. ??????? Dorsheimer ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??. ??? ???? ?????? (???? ????) ?????? ??. ???? ?????? ??. ????? Saxton ?????? ??. ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? (???? ????) Chanler ????? ???? Cobb (???? ????) ????? ??. ?????? ????? ???. ???? ????? ????? (???? ????) Schoeneck ???? ?. ???? ???????? ??? Lusk (???? ????) ???? ?. ???? Lowman ????? ??????? Lehman ??. ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? Hanley (???? ????) ????? ?????. ????? Hanley ????? ?. ??? Wicks (???? ????) ????? ??. ?????? (???? ????) ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??. ??????? (???? ????) Krupsak ????? ???? DelBello ???? ??. ??????? (???? ????) Lundine McCaughey Donohue ????? ??????? ????? ????? (???? ????) Skelos (???? ????) ?????? ???? (???? ????) Espada (???? ????) Ravitch ????? ???? ???? ?????