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?? ????? ?? ??? 1967. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ???? ??? ??????
?????
??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? (????) ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????. ????????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? (IF-THEN-ELSE). ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????. ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? 123? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????.
?? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????????
[
???
]
???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????
?????????????
?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??
??????? ?????????
(???????) ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????
????? ????????
. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???
???? ????
(LSI)? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????
??????
??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????: ???? ????? ???. ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? (???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????) ??
????
?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? (????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????) ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??
?????
.
?????? ?????
[
???
]
????? ??? 1970? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? 1967 ?????? ≪??? ??≫? ???? ??? ?????? ?????
??? ?????
?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ≪???-????≫? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????.
???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1970? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ≪??? ????? ?????≫ ?? ????? ICC- 0081? ?????? ??????????? ? Sharp QT-8B ≪?????? ?????≫. ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ≪???-????≫. ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????.
???? Sharp ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? 1971 ???? EL-8? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? Facit 1111? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ??? 1.59 ????? (721 ??????)? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? 395 ??????? ????????.
??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? 1971 ?? ????? ??? ≪??? ????? ??? ?????≫? ?MK6010 ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? (??? ???? ????????? ?????????
LED
?
?????? ????????? ??????
)? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????.
?? ??? 1971 ???? ????????????. ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? IC ???? ????? Monroe Royal Digital III. ???? Pico ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? GI ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ICs ??? ????? ?????. ??? Pico ? GI ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????.
??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? LE-120A ≪?????≫? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1971. ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? LED? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? (?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ≪??? ????? ??? ?????≫)? ??????? MK6010? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ???? ????? ???? AA? ???? LE-120A 4.9 × 2.8 × 0.9 ???? (124 ??? × 71 ??? × 23 ???).
??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? DB 800 ?? ??????? ?? ???? 1971 ?????? ???????? ?? ?????
???????
(
?????????? ???????
) ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????.
??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? Bowmar 901B (???? ????? ?????
The Bowmar Brain
)? ????? 5.2 × 3.0 × 1.5 ???? (132 ??? × 76 ??? × 38 ???)? ???? ?? ???? ??? 1971? ????? ????? ?????
LED
????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? 240 ???????? ????? ?? ????? 1972? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? 5.4 × 2.2 × 0.35 ???? (137.2 ?? × 55.9 ?? × 8.9 ??) ???? 2.5 ????? (71 ????). ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? 79 ?????? ?????????? (194 ??????? ?? ??? ?????). ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? 5 ?????? ????????? (6.41 ?????).
????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? 1973. ?? ????? ???????? ????? 29.95 ?????? ?????????? (38.4 ???????)? ?? 5 ?????? ????????? (6.41 ???????) ?? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????.
?? ??? ???????? ???? ??????-?????? (HP) ???? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1972? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????
?????
???? ?? ??? ???
????? ???????
. ??????? HP-35 ??????? 395 ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? HP ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? (RPN)? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? postfix. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? "8 plus 5"? ???????? RPN ? ?????? ???
8
?
Enter↑
?
5
? ?
+
? ????? ??
????? ??????
?????? :
8
?
+
?
5
?
=
. ??? ????? ??? 35 ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? Mostek Mk6020.
?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????
?????
??????? ???? ????? "B3-18" ????? ????? ??? 1975.
?? ??? 1973? ???? ???? ????? ???? (TI) SR-10? (
????? ??????? ????
???? ???
SR
) ??? ??? ????? ???
????? ????
????????
????? ????
????? 150 ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? SR-11 ??????? ??????? ??????
?
(π). ???? ?? ????? ?????? SR-50 ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? HP-35? ??? ??? 1977 ?? ????? ?? TI-30 ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????.
?? ??? 1978? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? (1978) ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ?? ??? 1985? ????? CI ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? (??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????). ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????.
?????? ????? ??????? ???????
[
???
]
???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? HP-65 ?? ??? 1974? ???? ???? 100 ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ??????? ????? HP-25C
????? ??????
? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????
?????
????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ?? ??? 1979? ????? HP ??? ??? ?????
?????? ?????
?
?????
????????
????? ???????
? HP-41 C. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? (RAM? ???????) ?????? ?????
??????? ???
(ROM? ???????)? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????
???????? ??????
????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? (
?? ?? 232
? HP-IL ?HP-IB).
? HP-65? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? (1974)
?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????
B3-21
? ?????? ??? 1976 ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 1977. ????? B3-21? ?????????? B3-34 ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? B3-21? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? (RPN). ????? ??? B3-34 ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? (98 ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? 19 ????? ?????? ????????)? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???
????? ?????????
??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????. ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? MK-52 (???????? ?????? ????? B3-34 ???????? ????? ????? ??????
????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? EEPROM ???????? ??????) ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? (????? ????? TM-7) ????????? ????? ????????? ?????????.
????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ≪??????? ?????????≫ ??????? ????????? HP-41? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? Nauka i Zhizn (Наука и жизнь? ?????? ???????)? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ≪??????????≫ ("еггогология"). ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ≪?????≫ ("ЕГГОГ") ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ≪???≫. ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? HP-41? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? B3-34.
??????? ????
[
???
]
??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????
???? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????. ??????? ????? LED ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? / ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? (?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????) ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???. ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????
????? ?????????
?????? (LCD) ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???. ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????
LE-120A ≪?????≫
? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????
LED
? ?????? ?? ???????
LC
?????? ????? LCD. ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? LCD ??????
?????? ???????
????? ?? ??? 1972 ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???: ????????
LC-800
? Harden
DT / 12
???????
086
??????
40
??????
100
??????????
500
(??????? ????? ????
P500
) ?????? ????
???????? 1208LC
. ???? ????? LCD ????? ?????? ????????
??? ?????? ?????????? DSM
?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? LCD ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???.
?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? DSM-LCD ??????? ?? ??? 1972 ?????? ????-??? ?? ????
EL-805
? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ((Sharp's
Calculator On Substrate
(COS ????? ???? ??? ???????). ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ?? ???? ????? COS ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????.
?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? LCD ??? ??????? ?????????
????????
(TN) ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????
??? ?????????
??????. ???? ????? LCD ?? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? LEDs ?? VFDs. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????
Mini Card LC-78
???? 1978? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????.
???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???
????? ???????
≪??? ????? ??? ?????≫ (ICs) ?? ??? 1971? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????.
?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????
?????
. ???? ?? ????sharp "EL-801" ?? ??? 1972? ??? ???????
?????????????
?? ??????? ???????? ?? CMOS ICs ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????.
?LED
? VFD ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? IC ?????.?? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????
??????? ???????
????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1978 ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? 1? ????
EL-8026
? ??? ?????.
????? ????? ??????
[
???
]
?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
????? ??? 1976? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? 1/20 ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????.
????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????
[
???
]
??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? HP-28C? ???? ???? ??? 1987. ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? fx-7000G ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1985.
????? ???????? ?????????? HP ? TI? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????????. ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? TI-89? ????? 200 ? HP-49g ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? PIM ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? / ????? ????????? ??????.
? HP 12C ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1981 ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????. ???? HP 12c ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?? ??? 2003 ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? HP 12c? ? ≪HP 12c ????? ???????≫ ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
?????? ???????? ???????? ?? HP 12c ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? "I" ? "PV" ? "FV" ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? "Int" ? "Term" ? "Pmt"? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? CI ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ≪??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? CI≫ ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????.
??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????
????? ???????? ????????
?????? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????
??????
. ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? (PDA)
???????? ??????
????? ??? ??? ??????.
????? ??????? ?? ??????
[
???
]
????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????:
- ???? ?????? (
??????
??
????? ?????
).
- ???? ????????
: ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???.)
- ????? ??????? (???????) ????? ?? ???:
- ???? ????? ??????- ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????.
- ???? ??????? - ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???
?????? ???????
.
- ???? X ????? Y - ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? X ????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? X ??? ??????.
- ???? ??????? - ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????.
- ??????? ??????? (
ROM
) - ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? (???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???) ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ????????? ?? ≪???????≫ ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????.
- ????? ???????? (
RAM
) - ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????????.
- ???? ?????? ???????? (ALU) -
ALU
????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????.
- ???? ?? ??????? - ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ≪???????≫ ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????.
- ???? ????? : ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??? ???? (?????) ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????.
????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????
[
???
]
?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????.
???? ???
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???? ????
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????? ???????
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- ????? ?????????:
- ????? ??????:
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