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????? ???????	1957 ; ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ? ????
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??? ???? (1957 -) ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ≪???? ????? ????????≫? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? . ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ≪?? ????≫? ???????? ≪????? ????????≫ ?????? ??????? ≪??????? ?????≫ ?????? ≪?????? ???????≫. ^[2]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ≪?? ??????≫ ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ≪???? ????? ?????? ??????≫ ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? 1982 ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ≪????? ????? ??????? ?????≫ ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? 1984. ???? ?????? ≪????? ??????? ??????≫ ?????? ?? 1986 ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????. ?? ???? ?? 1991 ≪?????? ????? ??????≫. ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ≪????????≫ ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? 1994 ????? ≪???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????≫ ?? ??????? ????? ?? 2011. ^[3]^[4]

????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ≪???????≫ ? ≪????? ???? ??????≫. ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ≪?? ????≫ ?≪???? ??? ?????≫. ???? ?? ≪???? ????? ????????≫ ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ≪?????? ???????≫.

????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ≪????????≫ ?? 1999. ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ≪?????? ???? ???? ?????≫ ?? 2003 ?≪????? ????????≫ ?? 2010 ?≪????? ???????≫ ?? 2014 ?≪???????? ??????≫ ?? 2018. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ≪??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????≫ ?? 2006 ?≪????? ??????≫ ?? 2008. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ≪?????≫ ?? 2006 ?≪????? ????≫ ?? 2012. ^[4]

???? ?????? ≪???? ?????≫ ?? ???? ???? 7 ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????.

???? ?≪????? ????? ???? ????? ???????≫ ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? 2019. ^[5]

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????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? 2019

?????? [ ??? ]

??? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? 1982
????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? 1984 (???? ????? ?? ?????)
????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? 1986 (????? ??? ?????)
?????? ????? ??????? 1991
????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? 1994 (??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????)
???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? 2011

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

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?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? 2019

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????????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? 1999
?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? 2003
??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? 2006
?????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ?????? 2006
????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 2008
????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? 2010
????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? 2012
????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? 2014
???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? 2018
?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? 2020

????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???? ???? 7

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^ "???? ?????: ?? ??? ????" . ?????? ?????? . 1 ?????? 2018. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-02-07 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ (????????) ??? ????.. ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2017-06-28 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ???? ????. "??????????? ????? ???????: ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? 1877 ? 2013" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-02-07 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ ^? ^? "??? ????" . ??? ?????.??? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-02-07 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ "??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? 2019... ????? ???????" . ???????? ????? . 23 ?????? 2019. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-11-06 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch ( ?????? ) ? ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

[1] "???? ?????: ?? ??? ????" . ?????? ?????? . 1 ?????? 2018. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-02-07 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[2] (????????) ??? ????.. ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2017-06-28 ?? Wayback Machine

[3] ???? ????. "??????????? ????? ???????: ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? 1877 ? 2013" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-02-07 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[مولد_تلقائيا1-4] ? ^? "??? ????" . ??? ?????.??? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-02-07 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[5] "??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? 2019... ????? ???????" . ???????? ????? . 23 ?????? 2019. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-11-06 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch ( ?????? ) ? ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[1]

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