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[1]
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[2]
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[3]
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???
???? ??? 1853 ?. ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? 1845 ? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??
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????????
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[4]
?? ??? 1856 ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????
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???????
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[5]
[6]
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[6]
[7]
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[8]
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[9]
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[10]
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[11]
??? 1856 ? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? 3,000 ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
[12]
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[13]
?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????
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[14]
??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? 200 ???.
[15]
[16]
???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ????: ≪
???? ????? ???? ????: ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????.
[17]
≫ ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????.
[18]
[19]
?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????
[20]
[21]
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[22]
??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????.
[23]
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[24]
???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????
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?????? ??????
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? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ≪????? ????????≫ ??? ????? ???? ???????.
[25]
????? ?????? ??? ??? 1873 ?.
[26]
????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???
??????
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???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????
????? ???????
?? ????? ???????
[27]
[28]
????? ??? ??? ?????????
[29]
??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????.
[30]
??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????
???? ?? ?????
??? ?? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????.
[31]
???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????.
[32]
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[33]
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連回、漢?一體、
?立義旗、
驅逐?虜、
恢復中華、
剪除貪?、
出民水火
|
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[34]
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[35]
????? ???????
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????
??? 1856 ? (?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? 1872 ?)? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????
????? ???????
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?????? ???????
. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????.
???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ???
??????? ???
(
????????
: 平南?) ????? ≪?????? ???????? ????????≫? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????
?? ??? ???
(??? ???? ???? ???) ?????? ????
???? ???? ????????
(?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????) ???? ??? ??? ??? 1856 ? 26
??????1872. ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1860 ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? 1860-1868 ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? 40 ???? ?100 ????.
[36]
???? ????????? ?????
???????
??? ???? ????? 1857? 1861? 1863? 1868. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1862 ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? 1863 ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???. ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????.
?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? 1868 ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ??? 1871 ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ???
??????? ??????
???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????.
[37]
???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? 1868.
[38]
????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? 1855 ? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????.
?? ??? 1872 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???
?????? ????????
? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????.
[39]
???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????.
[37]
???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? 1873 ?.
??? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????
[37]
????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????
???????
???? ????? ??????.
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
[45]
???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????
[46]
????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????.
[47]
?? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????
[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
[52]
????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ≪??≫.
[53]
???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? 1873 ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??-??-??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????????.
???????
[
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]
???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??
?????? ?????
? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? 1875?? ?????? ????? ???????.
[54]
??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? 10-15 ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??
?????
????????
?????
.
??? ?????? ??? ????????
[
???
]
?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????.
[49]
[53]
?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????.
[55]
??? ?????? ??? ?????
[
???
]
??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???
???? ????????
????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????
?????
??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????. ??? ????? ??????
?????
???????? ??? ?????.
???? ?????
[
???
]
?????
[
???
]
- ^
Scott 1900
? ???? 607
- ^
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? ???? 669
- ^
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??????? ?????
}}
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??????? ?????
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?
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?? 2020-01-24
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{{
??????? ?????
}}
: ????? ?????????: ????? (
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)
- ^
Thaung 1961
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- ^
de Kavanagh Boulger 1893
? ???? 319
- ^
?
?
Garnaut 2008
- ^
Davenport Northrop 1894
? ???? 130
- ^
Littell & Littell 1900
? ???? 757
- ^
Holmes Agnew & Hilliard Bidwell 1900
? ???? 620
- ^
?
?
de Kavanagh Boulger 1898
? ???? 443
- ^
Scott 1900
? ???? 740
- ^
Dillon 1999
? ???? 77
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?????
?? 2020-03-24
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?????
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A Short History of China: Being an Account for the General Reader of an Ancient Empire and People
? W. H. Allen & co.? ????? ??
?????
?? 2018-08-11
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The History of China
? W. Thacker & co.? ?. 2? ????? ??
?????
?? 2020-03-24
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Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical And Discursive
? Munshiran Manoharlal (reprint)
?????? ???????
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From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals
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? ???? ???? ??????
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?????
?? 2013-12-14
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?????
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?? 2016-03-12
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(????????)
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