????

????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???. ^[1]

???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? (?????) ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????.

???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? . ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????. ^[2] ?????? ?????? ??? ≪???? ?????? ??????≫ ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? micronutrient ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? macronutrients. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????. ^[3]

???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? 100 ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????.

???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???????.

????? ????????

???? ?????? ???? ?????????? .

???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????: ^[4]

??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? .
?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???????????? ????????? ???????. ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????.
???? ????????? ???? ?????? (??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ) ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? macrominerals .

???? ??? ????? ???????

????? ???????????? ?? ??? ?????? . ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? .
?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? (????? ????? ?????? ??????) ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????.
????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? fatty acid. ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ( ??? ???? ???? ) ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ( ????? ????? ??? ????? ). ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????.

????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? 9 ????? ????? / ???? (~37.7 ???? ??? / ???? ); ??????????? ????????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? 4 ????? ?????/???? (?? ??? ~16.7 ???? ???/????). ??? ????? ????????? (??????) ??? ???? ????? 7 ????? ?????/???? (~29.3 ???? ???/????). ^[5]

???? ???? ??????? ???????

???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? .

???? ≪??????? ????????≫ Dietary mineral ???????? ??????? trace elements ? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? . ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????.
??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?≪??????? ???????≫cofactors ? cofactors ?????? ???????? ?????.
????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????.

??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????. ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? (???? ?????? ????? ) ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ^[6]

??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??: ??????? ? ?????????? ????????? . ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ^[7] ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ?? ≪????? ????? ??????≫ ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? . ^[8] ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? CHNOPS. ^[9] ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? (??? ???? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ) ?? ?? ???? ???? (??? ???????????? ?????? ????????? . ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????.

??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? (???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????)

???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????. ??????? ??? ??????: C. HOPKiN'S CaFe Mg (to be used as C. Hopkins coffee mug) ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????: ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ≪?????? ????≫. ^[10]

???????? ?????? ???????

?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????.

????? ≪??????????≫ ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ^[11] ???????? ?? ????? ?????. ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ?

???? ?????

???????

^ Whitney, Elanor and Sharon Rolfes. 2005. Understanding Nutrition, 10th edition , p 6. Thomson-Wadsworth.
^ FRANCES SIZER? ELLIE WHITNEY (12 ?????? 2007). NUTRITION: CONCEPTS AND CONTROVERSIES . Cengage Learning. ?.?26?. ISBN : 978-0-495-39065-7 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-10-12 .
^ Audrey H. Ensminger (1994). Foods & nutrition encyclopedia . CRC Press. ?.?527?. ISBN : 978-0-8493-8980-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-10-12 .
^ Mark Kern (12 ???? 2005). CRC desk reference on sports nutrition . CRC Press. ?.?117?. ISBN : 978-0-8493-2273-0 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-10-12 .
^ Coyle EF. 1995. Fat metabolism during exercise. Sports science exchange 8(6):59-65
^ David Sadava? H. Craig Heller? David M. Hillis (2009). Life: The Science of Biology . Macmillan. ?.?767?. ISBN : 978-1-4292-1962-4 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-10-12 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? author-name-list parameters ???? ???? ?? ??? ( ?????? )
^ J. Benton Jones (1998). Plant nutrition manual . CRC Press. ?.?34?. ISBN : 978-1-884015-31-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-10-14 .
^ New Link in Chain of Life , ??? ????? ?????? , 2010-12-03, accessed 2010-12-05. "Until now, however, they were all thought to share the same biochemistry, based on the Big Six, to build proteins, fats and DNA." "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-05-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-18 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ CHNOPS: The Six Most Abundant Elements of Life , ????? ?????? BioCoach, 2010, accessed 2010-12-09. "Most biological molecules are made from covalent combinations of six important elements, whose chemical symbols are CHNOPS. ... Although more than 25 types of elements can be found in biomolecules, six elements are most common. These are called the CHNOPS elements; the letters stand for the chemical abbreviations of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur." "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-07-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-18 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ Perry? David A (1994). Forest ecosystems . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN : 978-0-8018-4987-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-08 {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: postscript ( link )
^ "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to konjac mannan (glucomannan) and reduction of body weight (ID 854, 1556, 3725), reduction of post-prandial glycaemic responses (ID 1559), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentration" . EFSA Journal . ?.?8 ?.?10: 1798. 2010-10. DOI : 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1798 . ISSN : 1831-4732 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-13. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |?????= ( ?????? )

????? ??????

?????

??????? ???? ????????-???????.??

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????

[WhitneyRolfes2005-1] Whitney, Elanor and Sharon Rolfes. 2005. Understanding Nutrition, 10th edition , p 6. Thomson-Wadsworth.

[SIZERWHITNEY2007-2] FRANCES SIZER? ELLIE WHITNEY (12 ?????? 2007). NUTRITION: CONCEPTS AND CONTROVERSIES . Cengage Learning. ?.?26?. ISBN : 978-0-495-39065-7 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-10-12 .

[Ensminger1994-3] Audrey H. Ensminger (1994). Foods & nutrition encyclopedia . CRC Press. ?.?527?. ISBN : 978-0-8493-8980-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-10-12 .

[Kern2005-4] Mark Kern (12 ???? 2005). CRC desk reference on sports nutrition . CRC Press. ?.?117?. ISBN : 978-0-8493-2273-0 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-10-12 .

[5] Coyle EF. 1995. Fat metabolism during exercise. Sports science exchange 8(6):59-65

[SadavaHeller2009-6] David Sadava? H. Craig Heller? David M. Hillis (2009). Life: The Science of Biology . Macmillan. ?.?767?. ISBN : 978-1-4292-1962-4 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-10-12 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? author-name-list parameters ???? ???? ?? ??? ( ?????? )

[Jones1998-7] J. Benton Jones (1998). Plant nutrition manual . CRC Press. ?.?34?. ISBN : 978-1-884015-31-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-10-14 .

[wsj20101203-8] New Link in Chain of Life , ??? ????? ?????? , 2010-12-03, accessed 2010-12-05. "Until now, however, they were all thought to share the same biochemistry, based on the Big Six, to build proteins, fats and DNA." "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-05-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-18 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[pbc20101209-9] CHNOPS: The Six Most Abundant Elements of Life , ????? ?????? BioCoach, 2010, accessed 2010-12-09. "Most biological molecules are made from covalent combinations of six important elements, whose chemical symbols are CHNOPS. ... Although more than 25 types of elements can be found in biomolecules, six elements are most common. These are called the CHNOPS elements; the letters stand for the chemical abbreviations of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur." "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-07-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-18 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[Perry1994-10] Perry? David A (1994). Forest ecosystems . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN : 978-0-8018-4987-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-08 {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: postscript ( link )

[11] "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to konjac mannan (glucomannan) and reduction of body weight (ID 854, 1556, 3725), reduction of post-prandial glycaemic responses (ID 1559), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentration" . EFSA Journal . ?.?8 ?.?10: 1798. 2010-10. DOI : 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1798 . ISSN : 1831-4732 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-13. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |?????= ( ?????? )

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