???? ?????????

??????? ????
???????	66 ????? ??? BCE
?????	???????
??? ?? ??????? ???????	????? ???????
??????????	21°24′00″N 89°31′00″W ? / ? 21.4°N 89.516666666667°W
???????	Chicxulub impactor (en)
??? ???????? ?? ????????	1981
?????	180 ???????

???? ????????? (Chicxulub crater) ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? (??? 66 ????? ???) ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? . ^[2] ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ?? 180 ?? (110 ???). ^[3] ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????-?????????? (K?Pg boundary) ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[4] ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? (Antonio Camargo) ? ?????? ???? (Glen Penfield)? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? 1970.

??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? 66 ????? ??? ???. ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ≪ ?????? ????? ?????????-??????? ≫ ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????.

?? ???? 2010 ? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ^[5]^[6]

?????

??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ^[7]

?? ??? 1978 ? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ^[8] ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????. ^[9] ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ≪????? ??? ????≫ ?? ??? 70 ?? (40 ????). ^[3] ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ^[10] ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????.???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? 180 ???????? (111 ???)? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????.

?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? 1981 ?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????. ^[11] ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????. ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ^[9]

?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????: ≪?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????≫ ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? 1981 ??? ????. ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????. ^[12] ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????. ^[13] ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? (?-?) (K-PG). ^[14] ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ^[15] ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? (?-?) (K-PG) ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? . ^[15]

?? ??? 1990? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ^[16] ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? 1990 ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? . ^[17] ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????' ? ??????? ??????? ? ? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? 1996? ???? ???? ??? ( ?????? ) ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????.

?????? ????????

??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? (????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????). ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????

???????

???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ^[18] ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ^[19] ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????.???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????. ^[20] ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? . ^[21]^[22] ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. (2001) ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? (NPP) ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ^[23] ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ≪????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????.≫ ^[24]

????? ?????? ?????????

????????? ????????? ???????

???? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ( ??? ???????? ?????????-????????? ). ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????. ^[25]

?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????-????????? (K?Pg boundary) ?? ???? ????? ??????. ;?? ????? 1970? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ^[26] ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? 6 ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? 0.4 ????? ????? ???? ^[27] ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? 470 ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ^[28] ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????. ^[29]

????? ????? ???????

?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? 20 ???? ° N ?70 ° N. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ^[30] ???? Silverpit ?? ??? ?????? ^[31] ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ^[32] ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ^[33] ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ^[34] ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ^[35] ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ^[36]

?????? ?????? ???????-???? 9 ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1994 ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????. ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ^[35]^[37] ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ^[34] ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? 300,000 ???. ^[35]

?? ????? ??? 2006? ??? ??????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 4,500 ?? (2,800 ???) ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???. ^[38] ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ≪???? ??????? ??????≫ ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ^[39] ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? (???? ???????-???? 9 ) ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????.

?????????

^ "PIA03379: Shaded Relief with Height as Color, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico" . Shuttle Radar Topography Mission . ???? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-03-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-10-28 .
^ ????:Cite Earth Impact DB
^ ^? ^? Penfield.
^ Renne, Ludwig & Karner 2000
^ Schulte, et al.
^ Rincon.
^ Short, Sr.? Nicholas M. "Crater Morphology; Some Characteristic Impact Structures" . NASA. ????? ?? ????? ?? 4 ?????? 2012 . ???? ???? ?????? March 2010 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? ) ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ Verschuur, 20-21.
^ ^? ^? Bates.
^ Verschuur, 20.
^ ?????.
^ Mason.
^ Hildebrand, Penfield, et al.
^ ?????????? ?? ????: "????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? [...] ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???"
^ ^? ^? Moras.
^ Frankel, 50.
^ Hildebrand interview.
^ ?????? ???? ??????.
^ Melosh. "??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? [...] ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????."
^ ?????????? ??????? ?????? .; 5.
^ Perlman.
^ ??????? ???????? ??????.
^ Lomax? B. (2001). "Rapid (10-yr) recovery of terrestrial productivity in a simulation study of the terminal Cretaceous impact event" . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . ?.?192 ?.?2: 137?144. Bibcode : 2001E&PSL.192..137L . DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00447-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-04-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-05-08 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ?????? author-name-list parameters ???? ???? ?? ??? ( ?????? )
^ Winemiller? Terance L. (2007)? "The Chicxulub Meteor Impact and Ancient Locational Decisions On the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: the Application of Remote Sensing, GIS, and GPS in Settlement Pattern Studies"? Tampa, Florida: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing https://web.archive.org/web/20170810112923/http://asprs.org/a/publications/proceedings/tampa2007/0080.pdf ? ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-08-10 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2012-10-02 {{ ??????? }}: ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
^ Alvarez, W. interview.
^ Alvarez.
^ Web Elements.
^ Quivx.
^ Mayell.
^ Riddle? Dawne (?????? 2009). "Silverpit "not crater" " . ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-04-10 .
^ ??????? ? ????.
^ ????? ?????.
^ ???????.
^ ^? ^? Mullen, "Multiple Impacts".
^ ^? ^? ^? "Mass extinctions: I am become Death, destroyer of worlds" . The Economist. 22 ?????? 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-10-24 .
^ ????? "????".
^ Weisstein.
^ ??.
^ ??????.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ?????????

[NASA_PIA03379-1] "PIA03379: Shaded Relief with Height as Color, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico" . Shuttle Radar Topography Mission . ???? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-03-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-10-28 .

[2] ????:Cite Earth Impact DB

[penfield-3] ? ^? Penfield.

[Renne-4] Renne, Ludwig & Karner 2000

[science-5] Schulte, et al.

[6] Rincon.

[7] Short, Sr.? Nicholas M. "Crater Morphology; Some Characteristic Impact Structures" . NASA. ????? ?? ????? ?? 4 ?????? 2012 . ???? ???? ?????? March 2010 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? ) ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[verschuur-8] Verschuur, 20-21.

[bates-9] ? ^? Bates.

[10] Verschuur, 20.

[11] ?????.

[12] Mason.

[13] Hildebrand, Penfield, et al.

[alanhild2-14] ?????????? ?? ????: "????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? [...] ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???"

[moras-15] ? ^? Moras.

[Frankel-16] Frankel, 50.

[alanhild-17] Hildebrand interview.

[18] ?????? ???? ??????.

[Molosh-19] Melosh. "??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? [...] ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????."

[ppg5-20] ?????????? ??????? ?????? .; 5.

[perlman-21] Perlman.

[popeandocampo-22] ??????? ???????? ??????.

[Lomax-23] Lomax? B. (2001). "Rapid (10-yr) recovery of terrestrial productivity in a simulation study of the terminal Cretaceous impact event" . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . ?.?192 ?.?2: 137?144. Bibcode : 2001E&PSL.192..137L . DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00447-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-04-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-05-08 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ?????? author-name-list parameters ???? ???? ?? ??? ( ?????? )

[24] Winemiller? Terance L. (2007)? "The Chicxulub Meteor Impact and Ancient Locational Decisions On the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: the Application of Remote Sensing, GIS, and GPS in Settlement Pattern Studies"? Tampa, Florida: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing https://web.archive.org/web/20170810112923/http://asprs.org/a/publications/proceedings/tampa2007/0080.pdf ? ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-08-10 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2012-10-02 {{ ??????? }}: ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )

[25] Alvarez, W. interview.

[alvarez-26] Alvarez.

[27] Web Elements.

[28] Quivx.

[29] Mayell.

[30] Riddle? Dawne (?????? 2009). "Silverpit "not crater" " . ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-04-10 .

[31] ??????? ? ????.

[32] ????? ?????.

[33] ???????.

[multiple-34] ? ^? Mullen, "Multiple Impacts".

[Economist1009-35] ? ^? ^? "Mass extinctions: I am become Death, destroyer of worlds" . The Economist. 22 ?????? 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-10-24 .

[36] ????? "????".

[Weisstein-37] Weisstein.

[38] ??.

[39] ??????.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[1]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

???? ??????