???? ?????

?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ( ??????????? : subsidiary )? ^[1]^[2]^[3] ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ^[4]^[5] ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????

?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? (?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????) ??????? ???? ?????? ????.

??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????. ^[6] ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ^[7] ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????.

??????

??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ???. ^[8] ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????.

??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? 50? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????.

?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ≪??????≫? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? . ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? (??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????)? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????????.

??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????. ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????.

???? ????

???????

^ "daughter company = subsidiary: a company that is completely or partly owned by another company" Longman Business English Dictionary
^ Investopedia : "A subsidiary company is sometimes referred to as a daughter company." ???? ?????? 2019-12-20 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "Daughter Company Definition from Financial Times Lexicon" . Lexicon.ft.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-06-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-09-29 .
^ "What Is the Difference Between a Subsidiary & a Sister Company?" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-21.
^ "Subsidiary - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" . Merriam-webster.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-04-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-01-15 .
^ Drucker? Peter F. (????????????? 1997). "The Global Economy and the Nation-State" . Foreign Affairs . Council on Foreign Relations. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-31.
^ "Links To Berkshire Hathaway Sub. Companies" . Berkshirehathaway.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-04-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-09-29 .
^ "subsidiary legal definition of subsidiary. subsidiary synonyms by the Free Online Law Dictionary" . Legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-08-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-09-29 .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ?????

[1] "daughter company = subsidiary: a company that is completely or partly owned by another company" Longman Business English Dictionary

[2] Investopedia : "A subsidiary company is sometimes referred to as a daughter company." ???? ?????? 2019-12-20 ?? Wayback Machine

[3] "Daughter Company Definition from Financial Times Lexicon" . Lexicon.ft.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-06-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-09-29 .

[4] "What Is the Difference Between a Subsidiary & a Sister Company?" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-21.

[5] "Subsidiary - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" . Merriam-webster.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-04-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-01-15 .

[Drucker-6] Drucker? Peter F. (????????????? 1997). "The Global Economy and the Nation-State" . Foreign Affairs . Council on Foreign Relations. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-31.

[7] "Links To Berkshire Hathaway Sub. Companies" . Berkshirehathaway.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-04-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-09-29 .

[8] "subsidiary legal definition of subsidiary. subsidiary synonyms by the Free Online Law Dictionary" . Legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-08-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-09-29 .

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