????? ??????

??????? ????
??????	1772
???? ??? ?? ?????	????? ?????? ????? ; ??????? ?????? ??????? ; ??????? ?????? ???????

????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ^[?] ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? . ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? 5 ????? 1772. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? 23 ????? 1793. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? 24 ?????? 1795? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? . ^[1] ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????? . ????? ????? ≪??????? ??????≫ ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? 1918 .

?? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ≪?????? ??? ??????≫ ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???: ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? . ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? rozbior ???? rozbior (?????: rozbiory )? ?? ??? ?? ??????? zabor (pl. zabory ???? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? 1772?1795 ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????.

?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ≪??????? ?????? ???????≫ ? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????. ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? 1815 ?? 1832 ?1846 ?? 1939 . ???? ?? ???? ????? ≪??????? ??????≫ ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? 1918.

?? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? (1632-1648)? liberum veto ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ≪??? ????≫. ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? (????? ????? ?????? ???) ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ? ^[5] ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? .

??????? ?????

????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????

????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??????? (1773-1789)

?? ?????? 1772? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? . ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? 5 ?? (?????) 1772. ^[1]

??????? ??????

????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? (1793)

????? ??? 1790? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ??????? ???????? - ??????? ???? 1790. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????.

??????? ??????

???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?? 24 ?????? 1795? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????.

??? ????? ?????? 120,000 ??????? ???? (46,332???? ²) ? 1.2 ????? ??? ???????? ? ???? ????? ??????? (??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ) 55,000 ??????? ???? (21,236???? ²) ?1 ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? 47,000 ??????? ???? (18,147???? ²) ?? 1.2 ????? ??????? ???????.

????

???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? (????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? 14 ????? ??? ???????). ^[6] ??? ????? 4 ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ^[7] ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? 23 ? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? 32 ?? ?????? ????? 45 ?. ^[8]

??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ^[9]
?????	??? ??????		??? ??????		??? ?????		????? ???????		??????? ???????
?????	?????	?	?????	?	?????	?	?????	?	?????	?
1772	81,900 ??????? ???? (31,600???? ²)	11.17?	36,300 ??????? ???? (14,000???? ²)	4.95?	93,000 ??????? ???? (36,000???? ²)	12.68?	211,200 ??????? ???? (81,500???? ²)	28.79?	522,300 ??????? ???? (201,700???? ²)	71.21?
1793	-	-	57,100 ??????? ???? (22,000???? ²)	7.78?	250,200 ??????? ???? (96,600???? ²)	34.11?	307,300 ??????? ???? (118,600???? ²)	41.90?	215,000 ??????? ???? (83,000???? ²)	29.31?
1795	47,000 ??????? ???? (18,000???? ²)	6.41?	48,000 ??????? ???? (19,000???? ²)	6.54?	120,000 ??????? ???? (46,000???? ²)	16.36?	215,000 ??????? ???? (83,000???? ²)	29.31?	?? ???	0?
?????	128,900 ??????? ???? (49,800???? ²)	17.57?	141,400 ??????? ???? (54,600???? ²)	19.28?	463,200 ??????? ???? (178,800???? ²)	63.15?	733,500 ??????? ???? (283,200???? ²)	100?

???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? 82 ? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? 1772 (??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? )? ??????? 11?? ??????? 7?. ^[10]

??????? ??????

????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? 1939-1941

?? ???? ????? ≪??????? ?????? ???????≫ ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???:

??? ??? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????? ??? 1815 ?? ????? ????? ?
??? ≪ ????? ???????? ≫ ??? 1832 ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? 1846 ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1848? ?
????? ?????? ??? 1939 ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????-???????? . ^[11]

????? ????

???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? (??????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ) ^[12]

?? ??? 1795? ???? ????? (???????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????) ????? ?? ?????? (?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????) ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????. ^[13]

??? ????? ???? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ^[14]

???? ????

??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????
??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????
??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????
??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? (1763-1794)

???????

^ Although the full name of the partitioned state was the ????????? ???????? ????????? , while referring to the partitions, virtually all sources use the term Partitions of Poland, not Partitions of the Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth, as Poland is the common short name for the state in question. The term Partitions of the Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth is effectively not used in literature on this subject.

???????

^ ^? ^? ^? "Partitions of Poland" . ?????? ????????? Online . 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-04-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-06-08 .
^ Bideleux? Robert? Jeffries? Ian (1998). A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change . Routledge. ?.? 156 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-30.
^ Batt? Judy? Wolczuk? Kataryna (2002). Region, State and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe . Routledge. ?.?153.
^ Sinkoff? Nancy (2004). Out of the Shtetl: Making Jews Modern in the Polish Borderlands . Society of Biblical Literature. ?.?271.
^ Scott? Hamish M. (2001). The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756?1775 . ????? ????? ???????? . ?.?181?182. ISBN : 0-521-79269-X . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-05.
^ Jerzy Lukowski? W. H. Zawadzki (2001). A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki . Cambridge University Press. ?.?96?98. ISBN : 978-0-521-55917-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-01-08 .
^ Jerzy Lukowski? W. H. Zawadzki (2001). A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki . Cambridge University Press. ?.?101?103. ISBN : 978-0-521-55917-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-01-08 .
^ Piotr Stefan Wandycz (2001). The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present . Taylor & Francis Group. ?.?133?. ISBN : 978-0-415-25490-8 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-01-08 .
^ Davies? Norman (2005). God's Playground. A History of Poland. The Origins to 1795 (?. revised). Oxford University Press. ?.?I. ?.?394. ISBN : 978-0-19-925339-5 .
^ "Po przył?czeniu do obwodu białostockiego w 1807 roku do cesartwa i utworzeniu osiem lat po?niej Krolestwa Polskiego wnuk Katarzyny zjednoczył pod swoim berłem około 82% przedrozbiorowego terytorium Rzeczypospolitej (dla porownania ? Austria 11%, Prusy 7%). "[in:] Basil Kerski, Andrzej Stanisław Kowalczyk. Reali?ci z wyobra?ni?. Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej . 2007 page. 318 ( ???? 978-83-227-2620-4 )
^ Brecher? Michael? Wilkenfeld? Jonathan (1997). A Study of Crisis . University of Michigan Press. ?.?255. ISBN : 0-472-10806-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-12.
^ Prazmowska? Anita (2010). Poland: A Modern History . I. B. Tauris. ?.? 25 .
^ "History of Polish-Iranian relations" en . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-03-12 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ???? |script-title=: ????? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ "L'Inno nazionale" . Quirinale.it. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-05-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-11-17 .

????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] Although the full name of the partitioned state was the ????????? ???????? ????????? , while referring to the partitions, virtually all sources use the term Partitions of Poland, not Partitions of the Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth, as Poland is the common short name for the state in question. The term Partitions of the Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth is effectively not used in literature on this subject.

[Brit-2] ? ^? ^? "Partitions of Poland" . ?????? ????????? Online . 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-04-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-06-08 .

[3] Bideleux? Robert? Jeffries? Ian (1998). A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change . Routledge. ?.? 156 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-30.

[4] Batt? Judy? Wolczuk? Kataryna (2002). Region, State and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe . Routledge. ?.?153.

[5] Sinkoff? Nancy (2004). Out of the Shtetl: Making Jews Modern in the Polish Borderlands . Society of Biblical Literature. ?.?271.

[Scott-6] Scott? Hamish M. (2001). The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756?1775 . ????? ????? ???????? . ?.?181?182. ISBN : 0-521-79269-X . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-05.

[LukowskiZawadzki2001-96-7] Jerzy Lukowski? W. H. Zawadzki (2001). A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki . Cambridge University Press. ?.?96?98. ISBN : 978-0-521-55917-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-01-08 .

[lz-8] Jerzy Lukowski? W. H. Zawadzki (2001). A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki . Cambridge University Press. ?.?101?103. ISBN : 978-0-521-55917-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-01-08 .

[Wandycz2001-9] Piotr Stefan Wandycz (2001). The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present . Taylor & Francis Group. ?.?133?. ISBN : 978-0-415-25490-8 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-01-08 .

[10] Davies? Norman (2005). God's Playground. A History of Poland. The Origins to 1795 (?. revised). Oxford University Press. ?.?I. ?.?394. ISBN : 978-0-19-925339-5 .

[11] "Po przył?czeniu do obwodu białostockiego w 1807 roku do cesartwa i utworzeniu osiem lat po?niej Krolestwa Polskiego wnuk Katarzyny zjednoczył pod swoim berłem około 82% przedrozbiorowego terytorium Rzeczypospolitej (dla porownania ? Austria 11%, Prusy 7%). "[in:] Basil Kerski, Andrzej Stanisław Kowalczyk. Reali?ci z wyobra?ni?. Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej . 2007 page. 318 ( ???? 978-83-227-2620-4 )

[Brecher-12] Brecher? Michael? Wilkenfeld? Jonathan (1997). A Study of Crisis . University of Michigan Press. ?.?255. ISBN : 0-472-10806-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-12.

[13] Prazmowska? Anita (2010). Poland: A Modern History . I. B. Tauris. ?.? 25 .

[14] "History of Polish-Iranian relations" en . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-03-12 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ???? |script-title=: ????? ?????? ( ?????? )

[15] "L'Inno nazionale" . Quirinale.it. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-05-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-11-17 .

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