한국   대만   중국   일본 
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ويكيبيديا

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????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? (??????) .

?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?????? 3,142,449 ???? ??? ??????? ??? 2021. [11] ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? . ?? ????? 2017? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????. [12]

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??????? تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1448) في ويكي بيانات
???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? .
البصرة
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البصرة
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????? ????? ?????? ??? 2003?
????? ??????? [1] ? ??????? ????? [2]
????? ??????? 636 (??? 1388 ???) [3]
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???????? 30°32′10″N 47°48′57″E ? / ? 30.536242°N 47.815819°E ? / 30.536242; 47.815819
??????? 1085 [6] ??²
???????? 5 ???   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P2044) في ويكي بيانات
??????
??????? ??????? 3142449 [7] ???? (????? 2021 )
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????? ??????? 61001 [8]
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????? ???????? 99532   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1566) في ويكي بيانات
???? ??? ?????? ?-????????????????? تعديل قيمة خاصية (P935) في ويكي بيانات
خريطة
????? ????? - ?????  طالع توثيق القالب

?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? [13] ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? 2007 .

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???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? 20 ??. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????.

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?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? 14 ???? 15?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????. [14] ????? ???????? ??? ????? . ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????: (??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????). ???? ??? ?? ??????: (??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????). ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????. [15]

????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. [16]

 
????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 656?

???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? 35?? . [17] ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????.

????? ??????

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???????? ???????: ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??????
 
?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????

????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? 660? ? ????? ?????? ??? 75?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????. ??? ??? 101?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? 14 ????????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????.

????? ???????

???
???????? ???????: ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? (871)
 
?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???
 
??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? 860? .

???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 132?? ( 749? ). ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????. [18]

 
????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????

???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? 14 ???? (869 - 883?) ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? (???? ??????)? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. [19] ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????.

????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????. ??????? ????? ????????. ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????. ????: ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????.

?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ... ????? ?????? .
????? :????? ??? ????? [20] [21]

?????? ???????

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??????? ???????: ?????????? ??????
 
?????? ??????? ?? ????

??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? 715?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????. [22]

????? ??????

???
 
???? ?????? ?? ??? 1695 ? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????.

??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? 1253? ? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? 400 ??? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? . ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????. [23]

????? ????????

???
???????? ???????: ???? ?????? (1775) ? ????? ??????
 
????? ?????? ??? 1900?
 
??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? 1913 ?? ????? ????? ?????

?? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1869 ? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? 20 ??? ????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????. [24]

????? ???????? ??????

???
???????? ???????: ???? ???? ???????? ? ????? ?????? (1914)
 
??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 1914? .

??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? 23 ????? ?????? ??? 1914? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???. [25]

????? ??????

???
??????? ???????: ??????? ????????
 
??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1915
 
??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???????

????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? 1921? ? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? 1924? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? 1936 ? ??? ??? 1932? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 220 ??? ???? ??? 1957? . [26]

????????? ????????

???
 
????? ?????? ?? ??????????
 
?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????

??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 1964 ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ??? 1977 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? 1.5 ????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????.

????????? ?????????

???
???????? ???????: ????????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????
 
?????? ????? ???? ??? 1991? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????

??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1 ???? 1991 ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? 4 ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????. [27]

??????? ??? 1999

???
??????? ???????: ??????? ?????? 1999
 
??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????

?? ??? 1999? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??? 17 ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? 18 ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? 100 ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????????. [28]

?????? ??????

???
???????? ???????: ??? ?????? ? ????? ?????? (2003)
 
???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????.
 
?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????

?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? 2003? ? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? 395 ?????? ??????? ?11 ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. [29] [30]

??? ??????

???
??????? ???????: ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????
 
???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????.
 
????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? 2006?

???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? .

?????? 27 ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? [31]

????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????

?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. [32]

 

?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? 300 ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? 800 ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? [33] ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? [34] [35]

?????? 25 ???? 2007 ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ≪??? ????≫ ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? [ ????? ????? ] ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? [36] [37]

???? ???????

???
??????? ???????: ???? ???????
 
???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????
 
???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????

?? ??? 2008 ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? 25 ???? ??? 2008 ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. [38]

???????

???

???????

???

???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? [39] ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????. [40] ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????:

?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????
???????? ?? ???????? ????????

???? ??????:

??????????? ??????????? ??????????
??????????? ?????????? ?????????????

???? ??????? ?? ?????? :

?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???
?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? [41] ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? (??? ???????). [42] ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????.

?????????

???
??????? ???????: ??????? ??????

??????

???
 
???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????

??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? 110 ?? ? ???? ??? ????? ??? 30 ???? ?30 ????? ??????? ??? ??? 47 ???? ?50 ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? .

??????

???
 
?????? ?? ????? ??????
???????? ???????? ???????
????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
?????? ?????? °? (°?) 34
(93) 		29
(84) 		39
(102) 		42
(108) 		48
(118) 		51
(124) 		54
(129) 		51
(124) 		49
(120) 		43
(109) 		37
(99) 		30
(86) 		54
(129)
????? ???? ??????? ?????? °? (°?) 17.7
(63.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		24.5
(76.1) 		30.6
(87.1) 		36.8
(98.2) 		39.7
(103.5) 		41.3
(106.3) 		41.8
(107.2) 		39.9
(103.8) 		34.9
(94.8) 		27.1
(80.8) 		20.3
(68.5) 		31.2
(88.2)
??????? ?????? °? (°?) 12.2
(54.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		30.2
(86.4) 		32.9
(91.2) 		34.3
(93.7) 		33.9
(93.0) 		31.2
(88.2) 		26.4
(79.5) 		20.4
(68.7) 		14.5
(58.1) 		24.4
(75.9)
????? ???? ??????? ?????? °? (°?) 6.8
(44.2) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		23.6
(74.5) 		26.2
(79.2) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26.1
(79.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		18.0
(64.4) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.7
(47.7) 		17.6
(63.7)
???? ???? ????? °? (°?) ?1
(30) 		?5
(23) 		3
(37) 		8
(46) 		16
(61) 		16
(61) 		18
(64) 		21
(70) 		9
(48) 		12
(54) 		3
(37) 		?6
(21) 		?6
(21)
?????? ?? (???) 31
(1.2) 		21
(0.8) 		19
(0.7) 		17
(0.7) 		5
(0.2) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		3
(0.1) 		23
(0.9) 		33
(1.3) 		152
(5.9)
????? ?????? ??????? 6 5 5 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 4 5 32
????? ???? ????? ??????? 186 198 217 248 279 330 341 310 300 279 210 186 3?084
????? ???? ????? ??????? 6 7 7 8 9 11 11 10 10 9 7 6 8
?????? #1: Climate-Data.org [43]
?????? #2: Weather2Travel for rainy days and sunshine [44]

????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? 24 ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? 34 ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 12 ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 41 ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? 7 ????? ????? ?? ?????. ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? 140 ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? 1 ??? ??? ??? 29 ?? ?? ?????? ? ?? ???? ??? 7.8 ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? 60%? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? 78? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 48? ?? ??? ?????.

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????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1989? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? 7 ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????.

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?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, 1954 ?
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  • ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????
  • ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???.
  • ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 1972.
  • ≪????? ????≫ ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???.
  • ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????
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  • ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????.
 
????? ?????? ????
  • ????? ????? ?????? (?????? ???? ??????) ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????.
  • ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????
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???? 14 ????
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  • ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? 1991 ??? ?? ??????? ????.
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  • ??? ?????? (???????) ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????.
  • ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????.
  • ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? 14 ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? - ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????.
 
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????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????

????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? .

?????

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???????? ???????: ????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ??????
 
????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????
 
???? ??????? ??????

????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? [46] ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? [47] [48]

????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? . ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. [49]

???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????.

??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? [50] ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. [51]

???????

???
????? ??????
1934 56?000 [52]
1947 101?535 [47]
1957 164?905 [53]
1965 301?950 [54]
1977 452?102 [55]
1987 702,105 [56]
2000 1?169?056
2007 1?912?533 [57]
2014 1?500?000 [58]

??? ??????? ??? 1935 ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? 56000 ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1987 ??? ??? 702105. ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? 2000? ????? 1.1 ????? ???? [59] ????? ????? ??? 1.9 ???? ?? ??? 2007? . [57] [60] ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 1.5 ????? ??? 2.1 ????? ???? ?? ??? 2017 . [58] [61]

?????? ???????

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???? ?????? ??????

????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? [ ? ] . ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????: ???? ?????? ? ????????? ? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ? 14 ???? ? ???? ????? ? ??????. ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ??????. [62]

??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? 13 ???. [63] ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? 2003? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????. [64]

????? ??????

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?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???. ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????.

??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? 2003? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? .

??? ??????

??????? ???????: ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????
 
???? ???? ??????

?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1916? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? . ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? 1920? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 16 ?????/????? 1936? . ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 1914? . ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 1920? . ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? 1967? . [65]

???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? 2003 ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????.

??????? ???????? ??????

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?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
 
?????? ?????? ??????

???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????.

?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 1916? .

???????

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??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????
 
??? ????? ?? ????? ??????

????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??: ??? ?????? [ ? ] ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ??? . [66]

??? ???????

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???? ????? ?? ????? ????????

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??????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????

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???? ??? ??????

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?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????
 
??? ????? ????? ?????

?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ? 115 ????? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????.

???????

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??????? ???????: ??????? ?? ??????

?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? 10 ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????.

???????

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????? ?????? ?? ??????

??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? [ ? ] ?????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? 1969? . [67]

??????

???

????? ??????? ?????? ?????: ” ???? ????? ?????? ?????: ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? “. ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????.

????? ??? ” ??????? ” ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? 1866?: ” ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? “. ??? ” ?????? ” ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 1833 ?????: ” ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? (?? ?????) ??? ???? ?????? ???? (????? ??????) ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? “.

???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? 1896 ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ????? 80 ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? (???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? 2794 ????????) ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???. [68]

???????

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??? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????

???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????. ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? 15 ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????.

?????

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??????? ???????: ????? ?????????? ?? ??????
???? ?????: ????? ?? ??????

?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????

  1. ?????? ????? ???????: ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? 312 ?? 10 ????? ????? 2009 . [69]
  2. ?????? ????? ????????. [70]
  3. ?????? ?????? ?????: ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????. ????? ??? 1924 ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? . [71]
  4. ?????? ?? ??? ?????: ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 1971 ?? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????. [72]
  5. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????: ?????? ??? 1957 ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? 48 ??????. [73]
  6. ?????? ???????? ????????: ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? 31 ???? 1965 ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ( 1981 - 1982 ) ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ???????? ??? 1983 ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??????? 28 ???? 1987 ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? 1 ????? 1988 . ??? ??? 1993 ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? (?????? ???????? ????????) ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ???????? ???????? ?? 414 ??????. [74]
  7. ?????? ?????? ?????: ???? ?? ??? 1972 ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? . ???? ???????? 186 ??????. [75]
  8. ?????? ??????? ?????: ?????? ??? 1962 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? (?????? ?????? ???????) ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? 200 ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? 2003 ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? 400 ??????. [76]
  9. ?????? ??????? ?????: ??? ??????? ??? 1959 ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 1964 ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? 400 ????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. [77]
  10. ?????? ?????? ?????: ????? ??? 1950 ???? ?????? ?????? ????????. [78]
  11. ?????? ??????? ?????: ????? ??? 1979 ???? ?????? 50 ????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? . [79]
  12. ?????? ?????? ?????: ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? 160 ????. [80]
  13. ?????? ????? ?????: ????? ??? 1989 ????? ??? ??? ??????? 30000 ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? . [81]
  14. ?????? 400 ???? ??????. [82] [83]

???????

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??????? ???????: ??????? ?? ??????
 
??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
 
????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????
 
????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????
 
?????? ??????? ?? ??????

????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? 1998? ?1999? ? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? 34 ???? ?????? ?252 ????? ????????? ?145 ????? ?????? ???????? ?10????? ?????. ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 1964? ?????? ?? 10 ????? ??????.

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????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????
 
?????? ?? ?????
 
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???? ?????? ???????
 
????? ?????? ??????

????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????: ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? 2003? .

 
??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????
 
????? ????? ?????? ?? "???? ????"

??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????. ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? .

???????

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??????? ???????: ??????? ?? ??????
 
?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? (???) ???????? (??????).

??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? 1932? ? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? 65 ??? ?????. [84]

????? ??????

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??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? [85]
???? ?????? ??????

??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? [ ? ] ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? [ ? ] ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? . ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ???? . ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????.

 
???? ??????

?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? 920 ?? / 1514? ? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 930 ?? / 1523? ? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.

 
???? ??????

??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? 1167 ?? / 1754? ? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????.

 
???? ?????? ??????

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? (?????) ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? 200 ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????. ???? ??????? ??? 2010 ??? ????? ?????? ????? 55 ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? 2003 ????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? .

 
???? ???? ????? ?????

???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? 600 ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? 31000 ?2 ?????? ???? ?????? 162 ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? 31 ?????? 2015? .

 
????? ????????

????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????.

 
???? ????? ????

?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 2009? ? ????? ??? 5 ????? ?136 ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? 2400 ?2. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 15 ????? ?????.

 
?????? ??????

???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? [ ? ] ? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????"??? ?????" ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????. [86]

 
???? ??????

?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????????.

 
???? ?????

?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1906 ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? 1916? .

 
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???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???   ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????   . ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????.

 

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???????

???
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