1500
|
|
Palembang converts to Islam.
|
|
1505
|
|
Trenggono, grandson of Raden Patah, becomes prince of Demak.
|
Local powers on Java around 1500 included:
Demak
which was the chief power in Java in the early
1500s. Nearby
Jepara
participated in many naval expeditions.
Surabaya
. Some powers that later came under Surabaya include
Gresik
, home of Sunan Giri, and
Pasuruan
.
Banten
, which was a Hindu power under Pajajaran until the
arrival of Sunan Gunungjati.
|
1509
|
|
Portuguese visit Melaka for the first time.
|
The goal of the Portuguese was to take control of trade. Later trade
empires would include Gowa, Banten, and the Dutch VOC or East India
Company. The original goal of all of them was money before political
power, but they did not always stick to their original goal.
|
1511
|
|
April
Portuguese Admiral Albuquerque sets sail from Goa to Melaka.
August 10
Albuquerque's forces take Melaka.
Sultan of Melaka escapes to Riau.
Portuguese in Melaka destroy a "Javanese" fleet. Their ship sinks with
treasure on way back to Goa.
December
Albuquerque sends three ships under da Breu from Melaka
to explore eastwards.
|
The gate to the Portuguese fortress at Melaka. Melaka was the
center of the Portuguese trade empire in the Indies in the 1500s.
The Portuguese in Melaka were attacked every few years by the Sultans
of Malaya and Sumatra, especially Aceh and Johore. Sometimes alliances
would be formed with powers on Java to attack the Portuguese.
|
1512
|
|
Da Breu expedition travels from Melaka to Madura, Bali, Lombok, Aru and Banda.
Two ships are wrecked at Banda. Da Breu returns to Melaka; Francisco
Serr?o repairs ship and continues to Ambon, Ternate, and Tidore.
Serr?o offers support to Ternate in a dispute with Tidore--his men
build a Portuguese post at Ternate.
|
Serr?o wrote to Magellan at this time
(who formerly served under Albuquerque,
but pledged allegiance to Spain after being refused a promotion) telling
Magellan about the riches of the Indies.
|
1513
|
|
A force from Jepara and Palembang attacks the Portuguese in Melaka,
but is repulsed.
March
Portuguese send an envoy to King of Pajajaran.
Portuguese are allowed to build a fort at Sunda Kelapa (now Jakarta).
Portuguese make contact with King Udara, son of Girindrawardhana and
ruler over the remnant of Majapahit.
Portuguese build factories at Ternate and Bacan.
Udara attacks Demak with the help of the King of Klungkung on Bali.
Majapahit forces are driven back, but Sunan Ngudung falls in battle.
Many more supporters of Majapahit flee to Bali.
|
Powers on Sumatra included:
Aceh
, the first major Islamic power in what is now Indonesia.
It was founded by local rulers of Lamuri, around today's Banda Aceh,
after they were expelled from Pedir (around today's Sigli).
After the fall of Melaka to the Portuguese, many Muslim
merchants moved their business operations to Aceh, and this caused
Aceh to grow as a trading power.
Palembang
where sultans still ruled long after the fall of
Srivijaya.
On Kalimantan,
Sukadana
was a thriving city founded by
refugees from the fall of Majapahit.
|
1514
|
|
Ali Mughayat Syah is first Sultan of Aceh.
|
On Bali the King of
Gelgel
(near today's
Klungkung) was the most powerful king in the 1500s.
|
1515
|
|
First Portuguese visit Timor.
|
|
1518
|
|
Sultan Mahmud of Melaka takes power at Johore.
Raden Patah passes away; Yunus becomes Sultan of Demak.
|
The Sultanate of Johore was attacked by the
Portuguese all through the 1520s.
|
1520
|
|
Aceh begins taking northeast coast of Sumatra.
Balinese attack on Lombok.
Portuguese traders begin visiting Flores and Solor.
Banjar on Kalimantan converts to Islam.
|
|
1521
|
|
Yunus leads fleet from Demak and Cirebon against the Portuguese
in Melaka. Yunus is killed in battle. Trenggono becomes Sultan
of Demak.
Portuguese take Pasai in Sumatra; Gunungjati leaves Pasai for
Mecca.
Last ship of Magellan expedition around the world sails between
Lembata and Pantar islands in Nusa Tenggara.
|
Sultan Trenggono is remembered as a ruler who did much to spread
Islam throughout East and Central Java.
|
1522
|
|
February
Portuguese expedition under De Brito arrives on Banda.
May
De Brito expedition arrives at Ternate, builds a Portuguese
fort.
Banten, still Hindu, asks for Portuguese help against Muslim Demak.
Survivors of Magellan's expedition around the world visit Timor.
Portuguese build fort at Hitu on Ambon.
|
Only 18 men survived Magellan's expedition, but they returned
to Spain with about a ton of cloves, enough to make them wealthy
for life.
The arrival of Spanish ships was worrisome to the Portuguese, however,
who now had to deal with a European competitor in the heart of the
Spice Islands.
|
1523
|
|
Gunungjati returns from Mecca and settles at Demak, marries
sister of Sultan Trenggono.
|
|
1524
|
|
Gunungjati and son Hasanuddin do both covert and overt missionary
work in West Java to weaken the kingdom of Pajajaran and its
alliance with the Portuguese. Local ruler of Banten, formerly
dependent on Pajajaran, converts to Islam and joins Demak's side.
Aceh takes Pasai and Pedir in northern Sumatra.
|
About this time much of Java began to convert to Islam, including
Banten, Mataram and Central Java, and Surabaya.
|
1525
|
|
Hasanuddin, son of Gunungjati, does missionary work in Lampung.
|
|
1526
|
|
Portuguese build first fort on Timor.
|
|
1527
|
|
Demak conquers Kediri, Hindu remnant of Majapahit state;
Sultans of Demak claims to be successors to Majapahit claims;
Sunan Kudus takes part.
Demark takes Tuban.
Demak, with help from Banten, takes Sunda Kelapa from Pajajaran;
renames it Jayakerta. (Credit is given to
a "Fatahillah"--or after the Portuguese mispronounciation, "Falatehan"--
but this might be a name given to Sunan Gunungjati.) Pajajaran Kingdom
is pushed away from the sea.
Kingdom of Palakaran on Madura, based at Arosbaya (now Bangkalan),
converts to Islam under Kyai Pratanu.
Expeditions from Spain and Mexico try to drive the Portuguese from
Maluku.
|
Masjid at Kudus, from the early 1500s.
Among the notable figures of this period are the
Wali Songo
or Nine Walis.
See also
Notes on Islam in Modern Indonesia
.
|
1529
|
|
Demak conquers Madiun.
Kings of Spain and Portugal agree that Maluku should belong to Portugal,
and the Philippines should belong to Spain.
|
Spain and Portugal had divided the entire world between themselves
in 1494. They continued to argue for years over the exact position of
the dividing circle. A 1524 conference sponsored by the Pope did not
settle matters.
|
1530
|
|
Salahuddin is Sultan of Aceh.
Surabaya and Pasuruan submit to Demak. Demak takes Balambangan, the last
Hindu state in easternmost Java.
Gowa begins expanding from Makassar.
Banten extends influence over Lampung.
|
|
1536
|
|
Major Portuguese attack on Johore.
Antonio da Galv?o becomes governor of Portuguese post at
Ternate; founds Portuguese post at Ambon.
Portuguese take Sultan Tabariji of Ternate to Goa due to suspicions
of anti-Portuguese activity, replace him with his brother.
|
|
1537
|
|
Acehnese attack on Melaka fails. Salahuddin of Aceh is replaced by
Alaudin Riayat Syah I.
|
|
1539
|
|
Aceh attacks the Bataks to their south.
|
|
1540
|
|
Portuguese in contact with Gowa.
Sultanate of Butung founded.
|
|
1545
|
|
Demak conquers Malang.
Gowa builds fort at Ujung Pandang.
|
|
1546
|
|
Demak invades Balambangan without success.
Trenggono of Demak dies and is succeeded by Prawata.
His son-in-law Joko Tingkir expands power from Pajang (near present
Sukoharjo).
St. Francis Xavier travels to Morotai, Ambon, and Ternate.
|
Catholicism (Katolik)
, one of Indonesia's five religions.
Around this time Portuguese missionaries began to spread the
Catholic religion in Indonesia, especially in the east. Today
Catholicism is one of Indonesia's recognized religions.
|
1547
|
|
Aceh attacks Melaka.
|
|
1550
|
|
Portuguese begin building forts on Flores.
|
|
1551
|
|
Johore attacks Portuguese Melaka with help from Jepara.
Force from Ternate takes control of Sultanate of Jailolo on
Halmahera with Portuguese help.
|
|
1552
|
|
Hasanuddin breaks away from Demak and founds Sultanate of Banten, then
takes Lampung for the new Sultanate.
Aceh sends embassy to the Ottoman sultan in Istanbul.
|
|
1558
|
|
Leiliato leads a force from Ternate to attack the Portuguese at Hitu.
Portuguese build a fortress on Bacan.
Ki Ageng Pemanahan receives Mataram district from Joko Tinggir, ruling
at Pajang.
Smallpox epidemic at Ternate.
|
|
1559
|
|
Portuguese missionaries land at Timor.
Khairun becomes Sultan of Ternate.
|
Sultan Khairun was friendly to St. Francis Xavier, and was known
to be a skillful politician who manipulated the Portuguese into doing
what he wanted while claiming to be a Portuguese ally. However, in the end
the Portuguese threw him in prison
and tried to poison him when he would not yield lands to them.
|
1560
|
|
Portuguese found mission and trading post at Panarukan, in easternmost
Java.
Spanish establish a presence at Manado.
|
|
1561
|
|
Sultan Prawata of Demak passes away.
Portuguese Dominican mission founded on Solor.
|
|
1564
|
|
Smallpox epidemic at Ambon.
|
|
1565
|
|
Aceh sacks Johore.
Kutai on Kalimantan converts to Islam.
|
|
1566
|
|
Portuguese Dominican mission on Solor builds a stone fortress.
|
|
1568
|
|
Unsuccessful attack by Aceh on Portuguese Melaka.
|
|
1569
|
|
Portuguese build wooden fortress on Ambon island.
|
|
1570
|
|
Aceh attacks Johore again, but fails.
Sultan Khairun of Ternate signs a treaty of friendship with the Portuguese,
but is found poisoned the next day. Portuguese agents are suspected.
Babullah becomes Sultan (until 1583), and vows to drive the Portuguese
out of their fortress.
Maulana Yusup becomes Sultan of Banten.
|
|
1571
|
|
Alaudin Riayet Shah dies, disorder in Aceh until 1607.
|
|
1574
|
|
Jepara leads unsuccessful attack on Melaka.
|
|
1575
|
|
Sultan Babullah expels the Portuguese from Ternate.
Portuguese build a fort on Tidore instead.
|
The Portuguese in Ternate were under siege in their fortress
for five years, and never received help from Melaka or Goa in India.
|
1576
|
|
Portuguese build fort at the present site of the city of Ambon.
|
|
1577
|
|
Ki Ageng Pemanahan founds Kota Gede (near today's Yogya).
|
Sunan Kalijogo
as portrayed in an old engraving.
|
1579
|
|
Banten takes the remaining part of Pajajaran, converts it to Islam.
November
Sir Francis Drake of England, after raiding Spanish
ships and ports in America, arrives at Ternate. Sultan Babullah,
who also hated the Spanish, pledges friendship to England.
|
A Portuguese map from the late 1500s showing the Indies in
rough outlines. This information was kept secret by the Spanish and
Portuguese until Dutch and English ships started to make trips to
the Indies just before 1600.
Some of the subjects of the Pajajaran kingdom who did not convert
to Islam left for the high mountains, and became the Badui people of
West Java today.
|
1580
|
|
Maulana Muhammad becomes Sultan of Banten.
Portugal falls under Spanish crown; Portuguese
colonial enterprises are disregarded.
Drake visits Sulawesi and Java, on the way back to England.
Ternate takes control of Butung.
|
In the 1500s, the Netherlands were an important business
center for Europe, where products from Russia, Scandinavia,
Africa, Asia and America were bought and sold. The Netherlands
during that time was ruled by Spain. By 1581, the Netherlands
had rebelled against the King of Spain and had begun to govern
themselves. But since Spain now had control of the Portuguese
colonies, the Spanish could prevent Dutch businessmen from
easy access to spices from the Indies. This was one reason
that Dutch ships began to make their own voyages direct to
the Indies in the 1590s.
|
1581
|
|
About this time, Kyai Ageng Pemanahan takes over Mataram
district (which had been promised to him by Joko Tingkir, who
delayed until Sunan Kalijogo of the Nine Walis pressed him),
changes name to Kyai Gedhe Mataram.
|
|
1584
|
|
Sutawijaya succeeds his father Kyai Gedhe Mataram as local ruler of Mataram,
ruling from Kota Gede.
|
|
1585
|
|
Sultan of Aceh sends a letter to Elizabeth I of England.
Portuguese ship sent to build a fort and mission on Bali is wrecked just offshore.
|
|
1587
|
|
Sutawijaya defeats Pajang and Joko Tingkir dies; lineage passes
definitely to Sutawijaya. Mount Merapi erupts.
Portuguese in Melaka attack Johore.
Portuguese sign a truce with the Sultan of Aceh.
Sir Thomas Cavendish of England visits Java.
|
|
1588
|
|
Sutawijaya changes name to Senopati; takes Pajang and Demak.
|
Senopati
in a traditional portrait.
From Senopati one can easily trace the lineage of today's
Sultan of Yogya and Susuhunan of Surakarta. Traditionally, the
line is traced back all the way to the kings of Majapahit.
After this point, the power in central Java was definitely in the
Mataram district, around today's Yogyakarta and Surakarta, rather
than around Demak.
|
1590
|
|
Original village of Medan founded.
|
|
1591
|
|
Senopati takes Madiun, then Kediri.
Sir James Lancaster of England reaches Aceh and Penang, but his
mission is a failure.
Ternate attacks Portuguese in Ambon.
|
|
1593
|
|
Ternate lays siege to the Portuguese in Ambon again.
|
|
1595
|
|
April 2
Dutch expedition under De Houtman leaves for Indies.
Suriansyah makes Banjar on Kalimantan a Sultanate (later Banjarmasin).
Portuguese build fort at Ende, Flores.
|
Many Dutch sailors had worked on Spanish and Portuguese ships. When
De Houtman's Dutch expedition set sail, there were experienced crewmen
available to guide them to the Indies.
|
1596
|
|
June 5
De Houtman expedition reaches Sumatra.
June 23
De Houtman expedition reaches Banten. The initial
reception is friendly, but after some rough behavior by the Dutch, the
Sultan of Banten, along with the Portuguese stationed in Banten,
shell the Dutch ships.
The De Houtman expedition continues along north coast of Java. A ship
is lost to pirates. More bad behavior leads to misunderstandings and
violence on Madura: a prince of Madura is killed, several Dutch sailors
are arrested and taken prisoner, De Houtman has to ransom them for
release.
Abul Mufakir becomes Sultan of Banten.
|
Three Chinese merchants at Banten, late 1500s.
|
1597
|
|
Some members of De Houtman expedition settle on Bali and refuse to leave.
A Portuguese fleet under Lourenzo de Brito decides, contrary to instructions,
to seek retribution from the Sultan of Banten for doing business with Dutch
traders. The fleet is defeated by Banten and forced to retreat.
Remnants of the De Houtman expedition (89 of an original 248 sailors)
return to Holland with spices.
Senopati attacks Banten, but is driven back.
|
Title page from the published account of the de Houtman expedition.
The Spanish and Portuguese had maintained secrecy about the results
of their explorations. The Dutch broke their monopoly on information.
|
1598
|
|
22 Dutch ships in five expeditions
set out for the east. The Netherlands States-General suggests
that competing companies should merge. De Houtman's second expedition
includes John Davis, an English spy. Van Noort sets off to sail around
the southern tip of America to the Indies.
Senopati attacks the western territories of Surabaya.
|
The De Houtman voyage was actually
not profitable, (partly due to de Houtman's own poor judgment and
general recklessness) but the businessmen of the Netherlands could see the
future potential in the spice trade, and
dozens of new voyages were planned to follow its path.
This period of is sometimes called the "wilde vaart".
|
1599
|
|
Dutch expedition under Van Neck reaches Maluku, begins successful
trading on Banda, Ambon and Ternate.
June
De Houtman is killed in conflict with Sultan of Aceh.
Dutch churches begin calls for missionary work in the Indies.
|
|
1600
|
|
Van Noort expedition attacks Spanish at Guam.
Portuguese establish trading post at Jepara.
Raja of Minangkabau converts to Islam.
September
Dutch Admiral Van den Haghen makes an alliance
with the Hitu against the Portuguese in Ambon.
December 31
Elizabeth I of England charters East India Company.
|
|
1601
|
|
Senopati succeeded by Krapyak in Mataram.
Portuguese send a fleet from Goa, India, to drive the Dutch from the
Indies.
English set up fort at Banda.
Aceh sends two ambassadors to Europe to observe and report on the
situation to the Sultan.
December 25-27
Five Dutch ships defeat the Portuguese fleet of 30
ships in battle in Banten harbor.
|
|
1602
|
|
March 20
Dutch companies combine to form
Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC);
led by Heeren XVII representing different regions of the Netherlands;
States-General gives VOC power to raise armies, build forts, negotiate
treaties and wage war in Asia.
VOC begins sending large, well-armed ships to the Indies (38 in the
first three years).
VOC establishes post at Gresik.
Sir James Lancaster leads an (English)
East India Company expedition, reaches Aceh,
and builds a trading post at Banten.
|
The Dutch East India Company was given most of the powers of a
sovereign state, partly because communication between the Netherlands
and Asia was so slow that colonial activities simply could not be
directed from Amsterdam.
(Until 1800 in this time-line, Dutch activities are marked with
a VOC for East India Company.)
|
1603
|
|
Official VOC trading post founded at Banten.
|
|
1604
|
|
English East India Company expedition under Sir Henry Middleton visits
Ternate, Tidore, Ambon, and Banda.
|
|
1605
|
|
Portuguese at Ambon surrender to ships under VOC.
King of Gowa converts to Islam, but other kings of the area refuse
invitation to convert. Gowa attacks its neighbors and converts them to
Islam.
VOC sends expeditions to Banda, Irian Jaya, northern Australia.
|
The chief minister to the King of Gowa in these days was named
Matoaya. Besides presiding over the conversion of Gowa and Makassar
to Islam, he encouraged the establishment of Makassar as a free port
opposed to Portuguese or Dutch control, and started a local industry
to manufacture firearms, to maintain Gowa's strength against outside
forces.
|
1606
|
|
Spanish take Ternate and Tidore.
VOC makes unsuccessful attack on Portuguese Melaka.
VOC begins trading at Banjarmasin.
|
|
1607
|
|
Iskandar Muda is Sultan of Aceh.
May
Sultan of Ternate appeals to the VOC for help against the Spanish.
|
Aceh under Iskandar Muda and his successor, Iskandar Thani,
was a center of Islamic scholarship and debate.
|
1608
|
|
Gowa begins three years of war against the neighboring Kingdom of Bone.
|
|
1609
|
|
Portuguese fortress on Bacan falls to VOC.
|
|
1610
|
|
Krapyak of Mataram starts period of heavy attacks on Surabaya.
Post of Governor-General is created for VOC in Asia, advised by Raad van
Indie (Council of the Indies).
|
|
1611
|
|
English begin setting up many posts in the Indies, including at Makassar,
Jepara, Aceh and Jambi.
Dutch set up post at Jayakerta.
Gowa conquers Bone, converts it to Islam.
|
|
1613
|
|
April 18
Dutch take Solor from Portuguese. Portuguese Dominicans
move headquarters to Larantuka, Flores.
Iskandar Muda of Aceh defeats Johore, burns down the city,
carries away the Sultan of Johore and VOC representatives.
Mataram forces burn down Gresik; Krapyak asks VOC in Maluku for help
against Surabaya.
VOC sets up post at Jepara.
VOC sets up first post on Timor.
Krapyak succeeded by Sultan Agung.
|
|
1614
|
|
Johore throws out Aceh forces, creates alliance Palembang, Jambi, and
other Sultanates against Aceh
Aceh wins naval battle against Portuguese at Bintan, continues on to
attack Melaka.
Agung attacks Surabayan territories.
VOC sends ambassador to Agung.
Bandung founded.
|
Sultan Agung
in a traditional portrait.
Agung was the greatest ruler of Mataram. At one point, all of Java except
for Banten and Batavia was under his rule.
|
1615
|
|
VOC closes post at Gowa, hostilities drag on for years.
First Dutch Reformed church in the east founded at Ambon.
English build warehouse at Jayakerta.
Dutch abandon Solor after just two years.
|
Protestantism (Kristen)
, one of Indonesia's five religions.
The Dutch introduced the fifth of Indonesia's recognized religions:
Protestant Christianity. Beside the missionary work on Java, there
were soon many "orang Kristen" around Manado on Sulawesi, in Ambon,
and around Kupang on Timor and nearby Roti.
The VOC, being mostly a business, had very little
interest in spreading religion.
However, it banned to practice of Catholicism wherever it could.
|
1616
|
|
VOC military expedition against Banda.
|
|
1617
|
|
Aceh takes Pahang.
Agung defeats Surabaya at Pasuruan, defeats Surabayan expedition to his
rear; Pajang rebels, Agung destroys Pajang and moves inhabitants to
Mataram.
Gowa extends control over Sumbawa.
|
"Monopolies" and "smuggling" in these days were sometimes defined
by contracts and treaties, but at other times a "monopoly" was simply
declared unilaterally. Some of the "smuggling" that occurred would
just be called "competition" today.
In 1615-1616, the Schouten expedition became the first to sail around
Cape Horn at the the southern tip of South America, then made the first
visit by Europeans to many south Pacific islands. By the time they
arrived in Batavia (Jakarta), Coen had them jailed for violating
the V.O.C.'s monopoly, and confiscated their ships.
(Years later, in 1722, the Dutch explorer Roggeveen would run into
the same trouble after discovering Easter Island.)
|
1618
|
|
Jan Pieterzoon Coen becomes Governor-General of VOC.
English merchants attack Chinese ships in Banten in a dispute over the
price of pepper. Coen begins secretly fortifying the VOC warehouses at
Jayakerta to the east.
December
Sultan of Banten encourages English to drive Dutch out of
Jayakerta. Coen leaves for Maluku to muster ships and soldiers.
Agung bans the sale of rice to the VOC. Agung's governor of Jepara
attacks the VOC post there; Dutch burn down much of Jepara in retaliation.
Dutch reoccupy Solor.
|
|
1619
|
|
January
English force Dutch surrender at Jayakerta, but Banten forces
take over from the English in a surprise move.
The English and the Pangeran of Jayakerta retreat.
March 12
Dutch rename post at Jayakerta to Batavia (today's Jakarta).
May
Coen passes through Jepara, and burns down the city again,
including the English trading post.
May 28
Coen arrives at Jayakerta, and burns down the original
town of Jayakerta, leaving only the Dutch post of Batavia remaining
to become VOC headquarters.
Agung takes Tuban from Surabaya, destroying the city.
August
VOC begins building city at Batavia.
|
Agung was not pleased with the Dutch taking Jayakerta, since he had
intended to take it himself. Likewise, the Sultan of Banten did not
want the English to take it, for the same reason.
|
1620
|
|
VOC under Coen almost exterminates population of Banda to prevent
"smuggling". Survivors settle on small islands near Seram.
Aceh takes Kedah.
Gowa extends influence over Sumbawa.
Rahmatullah becomes Sultan of Banjar on Kalimantan.
|
Jan Pieterszoon Coen
The most aggressive Governor-General of the V.O.C.
One of Coen's goals was to make the VOC strong enough on its
own that it did not have to depend on the goodwill of neighboring
rulers. He intended to do this by changing the VOC from a trade
empire to an empire that ruled actual territories, then settling
those territories with colonists from the Netherlands. Military
strength was important, both for maintaining a position of power
among the local kings and sultans, and for keeping the Spanish,
Portuguese and English away.
For Coen, the VOC was more than a business, but for neighboring
rulers, such as Sultan Agung, and even for government officials in
China, the VOC were mere merchants, and they refused to give VOC
officials the same standing in protocol that they gave the representatives
of other kings or sultans.
|
1621
|
|
British found trading post at Ambon.
|
|
1622
|
|
Mataram navy defeats Sukadana (an ally of Surabaya in West Kalimantan),
and destroy the city.
Agung and VOC make overtures to each other.
|
|
1623
|
|
VOC agents in Ambon arrest, torture and execute English agents on
charges of conspiracy.
Aceh sacks Johore.
Carstenz expedition for VOC explores southern coast of Irian Jaya.
Coen returns to the Netherlands. Carpentier is new Governor-General of
the VOC.
VOC takes nominal claim to Aru Islands.
|
|
1624
|
|
Aceh takes Nias.
Sultan Agung conquers Madura, and takes 40,000 prisoners.
Raden Praseno, a grandson of Pratanu, is named
Pangeran Cakraningrat I of Madura by Agung.
|
|
1625
|
|
Agung dams Brantas River to cut off water supply from Surabaya,
which finally surrenders.
Cirebon is an ally of Agung.
Epidemics and ruin of war spread through Java.
Abul Fath becomes Sultan of Banten.
|
In 1625 the first "hongi" raids took place in Maluku. These were
attacks, usually by local allies of the VOC, against anyone who was
growing cloves without authorization of the VOC.
By this time, the VOC was probably the largest business enterprise
anywhere in the world, with tens of thousands of employees. The territories
controlled by the VOC were not only in Indonesia: in the mid-1600s,
they also included Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and the Cape area in what is now
South Africa. The VOC also had "factories", warehouses and offices in
Thailand, Japan, Iran, Yemen, and Canton in China.
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1627
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Coen returns from the Netherlands to serve as Governor-General of the
V.O.C. again.
December 25
Soldiers from Banten infiltrate the fortress of Batavia,
kill some guards, and escape, but do little damage.
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Around this time, Sultan Agung forced the removal of the entire population
of many villages in the Priangan (around today's Bandung) for disobedience.
Around 1200 men were sent back to Mataram from these villages,
and executed.
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1628
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Agung sends army against VOC in Batavia; dams Ciliwung River in
attempt to deny fresh water to the VOC. He fails to oust the Dutch,
who prevent his army from receiving supplies by sea.
Commanders of the Mataram army are executed for failure.
Last of the English leave Banda.
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1629
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Agung attacks Batavia again. He is defeated, although Coen dies during
the siege.
Banten, fearing Agung now more than the VOC, pleads for peace with the VOC.
Iskandar Muda sends navy of Aceh against Portuguese Melaka, but the
Aceh navy is destroyed.
September 20
Coen passes away.
Introduction of sugar cultivation in Banten.
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1630
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Dutch abandon Solor, which is retaken by the Portuguese.
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1631
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Agung suppresses rebellion at Sumedang.
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1633
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Agung raids east Java; the Hindu kingdom of Balambangan asks for
VOC help and is refused. Balambangan then asks the King of Gelgel in Bali
for help.
War between VOC and Banten.
Aceh takes the Indrapura area of Minangkabau.
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1634
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Dutch arrest Kakiali, leader of Hitu in Maluku, on charges of smuggling.
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This was the "mercantilist" age of trade empires. There were many
powers that wanted to create trade empires: the Dutch through the VOC,
the English, Banten, and Gowa were among them. There was no such thing
as "free trade" under these empires. The VOC especially wanted total
control of trade, and any selling to anyone outside the VOC was
considered "smuggling".
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1635
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Agung tries to take Balambangan, but is defeated by Balinese forces.
VOC signs treaty with Kutai on Kalimantan.
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1636
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Iskandar Thani becomes Sultan of Aceh; supports Islamic learning.
Agung begins conquest of easternmost Java.
Agung suppresses a revolt in Giri.
Agung, realizing that he cannot defeat Dutch, makes overtures towards VOC.
Van Diemen becomes Governor-General of VOC.
Portuguese abandon posts on Solor after six years.
VOC bans all private correspondence (until 1701).
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1637
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VOC attacks Ternate.
VOC releases Kakiali, who pledges friendship to VOC but
makes anti-Dutch alliance between Hitu, Ternate, and Gowa.
Local Muslims overcome Portuguese fortress at Ende on Flores.
Agung gives permission for Portuguese and Catholic refugees from
Batavia to settle around Jepara.
Agung finally takes Balambangan in easternmost Java. The area
is devastated by warfare.
Palembang and Banjarmasin send ambassadors to make homage to
Agung.
Ar-Raniri arrives in Aceh from Gujarat in India.
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Around this time the VOC started pushing the Portuguese out
of many of their posts in Nusa Tenggara.
Ar-Raniri was a great writer and scholar in Aceh's golden age.
Among other things, he wrote "Garden of Kings", a book about Islam
and the scientific knowledge of the day. However, he was also a
controversial figure in Aceh, and he returned to India in 1644.
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1639
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Chief minister Matoaya of Gowa is succeeded by his son Pattingalloang.
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Unlike his father, Pattingalloang did not maintain good relations
with the Bugis. The bad feeling would eventually lead some Bugis to
side with the VOC against Gowa and Makassar.
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1640
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Bima on Sumbawa converts to Islam and becomes a Sultanate.
Portugal regains independent crown from Spain.
Portuguese abandon trading post at Jepara.
Cirebon becomes a dependency of Mataram
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1641
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Taj ul-Alam becomes Sultana of Aceh, starts period of female
rulers; Johore and Aceh settle differences.
January 14
VOC takes Melaka from Portuguese, with help from
the Sultan of Johore.
Sultan of Johore opens ports in Riau to all traders.
Kakiali and Hitu attack VOC on Ambon.
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The VOC takeover of Melaka was the real end of Portuguese importance
in the region. But after losing Melaka, some Portuguese started trading with
Gowa on Sulawesi.
After Taj ul-Alam became ruler of Aceh, the centralized power in
Aceh lessened, regional ruler gained more power, and Aceh's tributaries
began to show their independence.
With the English and Portuguese almost gone, and Batavia and Ambon
relatively secure from neighboring rulers, this was the most profitable
time for the VOC.
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1642
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VOC gets monopoly on trade with Palembang by treaty.
Hidayatullah becomes Sultan of Banjar on Kalimantan.
Tasman explores coasts of Irian Jaya for VOC on voyage back from New Zealand.
"Statutes of Batavia", based on Roman law, are introduced as a legal code
for VOC territories.
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1643
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VOC has Kakiali murdered, continue drive to take Hitu.
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1645
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Agung begins building royal tombs at Imogiri, (near today's Yogya).
Mandarsyah becomes Sultan of Ternate with VOC help.
VOC established outpost at Perak.
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1646
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Sultan Agung dies, and is succeeded by Susuhunan Amangkurat I.
Mataram controls all Java, more or less, except Banten and Batavia.
Relations between Amangkurat I and the VOC are good in the beginning.
VOC finally takes Hitu.
Dutch arrive again on Solor, abandoned by the Portuguese ten years
earlier.
September 24
Cooperation treaty between VOC and Mataram,
involving promises of mutual assistance against enemies and extradition
of runaway debtors, among other things. Ships of Mataram may trade at
any VOC port except Ambon, Ternate or Banda, but must apply for a pass
at Batavia if they are sailing for Melaka or points beyond.
Portuguese begin building a settlement at the present site of Kupang on
western Timor.
VOC builds a trading post in the Tanimbar Islands.
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1647
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Amangkurat I moves court to Plered near Karta.
Mataram kingdom loses Balambangan in easternmost Java to
Balinese forces.
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1648
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Cakraningrat II takes power in Madura, under Mataram.
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1650
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VOC intervenes in uprising against Sultan Mandarsyah of Ternate,
sparking civil war.
Amangkurat I orders Cirebon to attack Banten.
Musta'in Billah becomes Sultan of Banjar on Kalimantan.
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1651
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VOC reopens post at Jepara; Amangkurat I begins interfering in
coastal trade.
Sultan Ageng begins rule at Banten (not to be confused with
Sultan Agung of Mataram).
VOC takes Kupang on western Timor; Portuguese move to Lifau, in
what is now East Timor.
VOC outpost at Perak is destroyed.
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1652
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VOC takes Sultan Mandarsyah of Ternate to Batavia,
makes him sign agreement not to grow cloves,
starts military moves against opposing faction in Ternate.
Amangkurat I bans the export of rice or timber.
Hongi raids destroy clove cultivation on Buru.
Tensions grow between the VOC and Gowa.
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1655
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Amangkurat I orders that no boats of any kind shall set sail from
his ports.
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1656
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VOC deports population of Hoamoal near Ternate to Ambon.
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1657
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Amangkurat I attacks Banten again.
VOC forces population of Buru to relocate to Kaleji Bay.
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1658
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VOC sets up post at Manado.
War between VOC and Palembang.
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1659
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VOC forces burn down Palembang, and reestablish the VOC post.
Amangkurat I has several family members murdered, including the
mother of the future Amangkurat II.
July 10
Treaty between VOC and Banten: prisoners and
runaway slaves are to be exchanged; VOC receives a presence
at Banten free from rent or taxes; boundary between Banten and
VOC territory is set.
VOC builds fort in the Aru Islands, but soon abandons it.
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Bugis fighters from a 1650s engraving.
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1660
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VOC attacks Gowa, destroys Portuguese ships in harbor,
and forces peace treaty on Sultan Hasanuddin of Gowa.
Arung Palakka of Bone rebels against Gowa; retreats with
supporters to Butung.
Buleleng begins drive to become power on Bali; King of Klungkung
remains as "Dewa Agung" or chief king.
Amangkurat I closes ports again; VOC leaves Jepara.
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Formerly Bali had answered to the King at Gelgel. Around
this time, the kingdom split into nine states:
Badung
Bangli
Buleleng
Gianyar
Jembrana
Karangasem
Klungkung
Mengwi
Tabanan
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1661
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Court rebellion against Amangkurat I.
Banten takes diamond-bearing area of Landak on Kalimantan.
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Amangkurat I had a reputation for being cruel and unpredictable.
Besides his disastrous interference in the economy, at one time he
had many of the Islamic scholars in Mataram killed, then took their
former judicial powers for himself, turning himself into an absolute
ruler.
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1662
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Portuguese headquarters in the east is moved from Larantuka, Flores to
Lifau (today Oecussi or Pantemakassar) in what is now East Timor.
VOC signs treaty with chiefs on Roti.
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1663
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Spanish abandon post at Tidore.
VOC allows Arung Palakka and followers to settle at Batavia.
Banten begins direct trade with Manila.
July 6
Treaty of Painan:
coastal areas of Minangkabau, including Padang, become a protectorate
of the VOC, which guarantees them security against raids from Aceh.
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By the end of the 1660s, Banten was trading directly with
China, Japan, Thailand, India and Arabia, using its own ships
to compete with English, French, Danish and VOC traders. Sultan Ageng of
Banten was a strong opponent of the VOC monopoly who
insisted on promoting trade with other European, Arab and Asian
traders as he pleased.
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1666
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VOC sends out a fleet under Admiral Cornelis Speelman, with
Bugis soldiers under Arung Palakka and Ambonese soldiers under
"Captain Jonker", to settle issues in Gowa and Maluku.
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Cornelis Speelman
, Admiral and later Governor-General. Speelman left the Netherlands
as a teenager and spent the rest of his life in the Indies, never returning.
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1667
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VOC expedition under Speelman lands at Butung, and clears the island of
Gowa forces.
Speelman expedition forces the Sultan of Tidore (now free of Spanish
presence) to submit to the VOC. A peace treaty is signed between
Ternate and Tidore, now both under VOC control.
The future Amangkurat II begins seeking VOC help against his father.
English give up claims to Banda in exchange for Manhattan Island
in America.
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Sultan Hasanuddin
of Gowa is remembered for fighting bravely against the VOC,
but he eventually had to sign a treaty giving up almost all his territories to the Dutch.
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1668
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Arung Palakka returns to Bone, sparking a popular revolt against the
Sultan of Gowa.
Speelman expedition finally defeats Gowa.
November 18
Treaty of Bungaya: Gowa submits to VOC control,
and Sultan Hasanuddin has no influence outside the general area of the city
of Makassar.
VOC extends claims to Sumbawa and Flores after the defeat of Gowa.
Bugis leaving the confusion on Sulawesi found Samarinda on Kalimantan.
VOC builds a fort at Menggala in Lampung.
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By this time, the Portuguese in Makassar and Gowa had fled to
Flores, or even to Macao or Thailand.
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1669
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Sultan Hasanuddin of Gowa passes away; continuing troubles
against the VOC in Gowa finally end.
VOC traders at Banjarmasin are massacred.
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