Bah??? Faith , religion founded in Iraq in the mid-19th century by M?rz? ?osayn ?Al? N?r?, who is known as Bah?? All?h (also spelled Bah??ull?h), which in Arabic means “Glory of God.” The cornerstone of Bah??? belief is the conviction that Bah?? All?h and his forerunner, who was known as the B?b ( Persian : “Gateway”), were manifestations of God, who in his essence is unknowable. The principal Bah??? tenets are the essential unity of all religions and the unity of humanity. Bah???s believe that all the founders of the world’s great religions have been manifestations of God and agents of a progressive divine plan for the education of the human race . Despite their apparent differences, the world’s great religions, according to the Bah???s, teach an identical truth. Bah?? All?h’s peculiar function was to overcome the disunity of religions and establish a universal faith . Bah???s believe in the oneness of humanity and devote themselves to the abolition of racial, class, and religious prejudices . The great bulk of Bah??? teachings is concerned with social ethics . The faith has no priesthood and does not observe ritual forms in its worship .

History

The Bah??? religion originally grew out of the B?b? faith, or sect, which was founded in 1844 by M?rz? ?Al? Mo?ammad of Sh?r?z in Iran . He proclaimed a spiritual doctrine emphasizing the forthcoming appearance of a new prophet or messenger of God who would overturn old beliefs and customs and usher in a new era. Though new, these beliefs originated in Twelver Shi?i Islam , which asserts a belief in the forthcoming return of the 12th imam (successor of Muhammad ), who will renew religion and guide the faithful. M?rz? ?Al? Mo?ammad first proclaimed his beliefs in 1844 and assumed the title of the B?b. Soon the B?b’s teachings spread throughout Iran, provoking strong opposition from both the Shi?i Muslim clergy and the government. The B?b was arrested and, after several years of incarceration, was executed in 1850. Large-scale persecutions of his adherents, the B?b?s, followed.

One of the B?b’s earliest disciples and strongest exponents was M?rz? ?osayn ?Al? N?r?, who had assumed the name Bah?? All?h when he renounced his social standing and joined the B?b?s. Bah?? All?h was arrested in 1852 and jailed in Tehr?n , where he became aware that he was the prophet and messenger of God whose coming had been predicted by the B?b. He was released in 1853 and exiled to Baghdad , where his leadership revived the B?b? community . In 1863, shortly before being moved by the Ottoman government to Constantinople (now Istanbul), Bah?? All?h declared to his fellow B?b?s that he was the messenger of God foretold by the B?b. An overwhelming majority of B?b?s acknowledged his claim and thenceforth became known as Bah???s. Bah?? All?h was subsequently confined by the Ottomans in Adrianople (now Edirne, Turkey) and then in Acre in Palestine (now ?Akko, Israel).

Before Bah?? All?h died in 1892, he appointed his eldest son, ?Abd al-Bah?? (1844?1921), to be the leader of the Bah??i community and the authorized interpreter of his teachings. ?Abd al-Bah?? actively administered the movement’s affairs and spread the faith to North America , Europe, and other continents. He appointed his eldest grandson, Shoghi Effendi Rabb?n? (1897?1957), his successor.

The Bah??i Faith underwent a rapid expansion beginning in the 1960s, and by the early 21st century it had more than 180 national spiritual assemblies (national governing bodies) and several thousand local spiritual assemblies. After Islamic fundamentalists came to power in Iran in 1979, the 300,000 Bah???s there were persecuted by the government.

Practices

The writings and spoken words of the B?b, Bah?? All?h, and ?Abd al-Bah?? form the sacred literature of the Bah??? Faith. Membership in the Bah??? community is open to all who profess faith in Bah?? All?h and accept his teachings. There are no initiation ceremonies, no sacraments , and no clergy . Every Bah???, however, is under the spiritual obligation to pray daily; to abstain totally from narcotics , alcohol , or any other substances that affect the mind ; to practice monogamy ; to obtain the consent of parents to marriage ; and to attend the Nineteen Day Feast on the first day of each month of the Bah??? calendar. If capable, those between the ages of 15 and 70 are required to fast 19 days a year, going without food or drink from sunrise to sunset. The Nineteen Day Feast, originally instituted by the B?b, brings together the Bah???s of a given locality for prayer , the reading of scriptures , the discussion of community activities, and the enjoyment of one another’s company. The feasts are designed to ensure universal participation in the affairs of the community and the cultivation of the spirit of brotherhood and fellowship.

In the early 21st century there were nine Bah??? houses of worship: in Australia, Cambodia, Chile, Germany, India , Panama, Samoa, the United States , and Uganda. In the temples there is no preaching; services consist of recitation of the scriptures of all religions.

The Bah???s use a calendar, established by the B?b and confirmed by Bah?? All?h, in which the year is divided into 19 months of 19 days each, with the addition of 4 intercalary days (5 in leap years). The year begins on the first day of spring, March 21, which is one of several holy days in the Bah??? calendar.

Organization

The Bah??? community is governed according to general principles proclaimed by Bah?? All?h and through institutions created by him that were elaborated and expanded on by ?Abd al-Bah??. The governance of the Bah??? community begins on the local level with the election of a local spiritual assembly . The electoral process excludes parties or factions, nominations, and campaigning for office. The local spiritual assembly has jurisdiction over all local affairs of the Bah??? community. On the national scale, each year Bah???s elect delegates to a national convention that elects a national spiritual assembly with jurisdiction over Bah???s throughout an entire country. All national spiritual assemblies of the world periodically constitute themselves an international convention and elect a supreme governing body known as the Universal House of Justice . This body applies the laws promulgated by Bah?? All?h and legislates on matters not covered in the sacred texts. The seat of the Universal House of Justice is in Haifa , Israel , in the immediate vicinity of the shrines of the B?b and ?Abd al-Bah?? and near the Shrine of Bah?? All?h at Bahj?, near ?Akko.

There also exist in the Bah??? Faith appointive institutions, such as the Hands of the Cause of God and the continental counselors. The members of the Hands of the Cause of God were appointed by Bah?? All?h and Shoghi Effendi. The continental counselors are appointed by the Universal House of Justice. The primary functions of both groups are to propagate the Bah??? Faith and protect the community.