Vocalas
|
AFI
|
Grafia
|
Exemples
|
[a]
|
a interiora
|
pl
a
n
|
[o] (1)
|
a finala
|
femn
a
|
[a]
|
a
|
Occit
a
nia
|
[?]
|
a
|
parlari
a
|
[e]
|
e
|
ruf
e
|
[e]
|
e
|
angl
e
s
|
[?]
|
e
|
m
e
fi
|
[i]
|
i
|
tr
i
n
|
[i]
|
i
|
n
i
vol
|
[u]
|
o
|
l
o
p
|
[u]
|
o
|
tiss
o
s
|
[?]
|
o
|
c
o
p
|
[y]
|
u
|
s
u
l
|
[y]
|
u
|
dess
u
s
|
[y]
|
u
|
sa
u
c
|
|
|
|
Consonantas
|
AFI
|
Grafia
|
Exemples
|
[b]
|
b iniciala
|
b
arba
|
[β]
|
b intervocalica
|
ba
b
au
|
[p]
|
b finala
|
clu
b
|
[k]
|
c
|
c
ade
|
[s]
|
c davant e,i
|
c
erier,
c
ivada
|
[k]
|
c finala
|
cran
c
|
[s]
|
c
|
bra
c
|
[t?]
|
ch
|
ch
arrar
|
[d]
|
d iniciala
|
d
ona
|
[t]
|
d finala
|
ver
d
|
[ð]
|
d intervocalica
|
ba
d
ar
|
[f]
|
f
|
f
orca
|
[g]
|
g iniciala
|
g
ag
|
[?]
|
g intervocalica
|
ai
g
a
|
[?] (2)
|
davant e,i
|
g
el,
g
ibre
|
[t?]
|
g finala
|
ga
g
|
[?] (2)
|
j
|
j
orn
|
[l]
|
l
|
l
enga
|
[?]
|
lh
|
fami
lh
a
|
[l]
|
lh finala
|
sole
lh
|
[m]
|
m
|
m
es
|
[n]
|
m finala
|
lu
m
|
[n]
|
n
|
n
on
|
?
|
n finala
|
ma
n
|
[?]
|
nh
|
ca
nh
a
|
[p]
|
p
|
p
oma
|
[k]
|
qu
|
q
and
|
[rr]
|
r iniciala
|
r
au
|
[rr]
|
rr
|
ba
rr'
i
|
[r]
|
r intervocalica
|
pai
r
e
|
?
|
r finala
|
parla
r
|
[s]
|
s iniciala
|
s
ol
|
[s]
|
ss
|
pa
ss
ar
|
[z]
|
s intervocalica
|
ra
s
on
|
[t]
|
t
|
t
robador
|
[b]
|
v iniciala
|
v
aca
|
[β]
|
v intervocalica
|
tra
v
ersa
|
[ts]
|
x
|
se
x
e
|
[z]
|
z
|
z
inga-
z
anga
|
|
(1):o [?]
(2):o [d?] leng. oriental; [ts] o [dz] leng. septentrional.
Vejatz tanben
Per la tiera dels grafemas despariers que correspondon als fonemas del frances, vejatz
aici
Vocalas
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/a/
|
/a/
|
a
ller /a.le/, v
a
che /va?/
|
/?/
|
/A/
|
t
a
che /t?ː?/,
a
me /?ːm/
|
/i/
|
/i/
|
l
it
/li/', v
ie
/vi/
|
/o/
|
/o/
|
h
o
tel /o.t?l/
|
/?/
|
/O/
|
b
o
tte /b?t/
|
/y/
|
/y/
|
d
u
/dy/, l
u
/ly/
|
/u/
|
/u/
|
c
ou
/ku/, n
ous
/nu/
|
/e/
|
/e/
|
bl
e
/ble/, n
ez
/ne/
|
/?/
|
/E/
|
est
/?/, m
e
tre /m?t?/
|
/ø/
|
/2/
|
d
eux
/dø/, j
eu
/?ø/, n
œud
/nø/
|
/œ/
|
/9/
|
n
eu
f /nœf/, fl
eu
r /flœ?/
|
/?/
|
/@/
|
l
e
/l?/
|
/??/
|
/A~/
|
d
ans
/d??/, p
end
/p??/
|
/??/
|
/O~/
|
b
on
/b??/,
on
/??/
|
/??/
|
/E~/
|
f
in
/f??/, p
ain
/p??/
|
/œ?/
|
/9~/
|
un
/œ?/, br
un
/b?œ?/
|
|
|
|
Consonantas
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/p/
|
/p/
|
p
ere,
p
ont
|
/b/
|
/b/
|
b
ete,
b
out
|
/t/
|
/t/
|
t
e
te
,
t
on
|
/d/
|
/d/
|
ai
de
,
d
on
|
/k/
|
/k/
|
be
c
,
c
ou
|
/?/
|
/g/
|
g
out, be
gu
in
|
/m/
|
/m/
|
ai
m
er,
m
ou
|
/n/
|
/n/
|
n
ous, u
ne
|
/?/
|
/J/
|
a
gn
eau, o
gn
on et o
ign
on
|
/f/
|
/f/
|
f
ete,
f
ou
|
/v/
|
/v/
|
v
ous, re
ve
|
/s/
|
/s/
|
s
age,
s
on
|
/z/
|
/z/
|
poi
s
on,
z
ebre
|
/?/
|
/S/
|
ch
ant
|
/?/
|
/Z/
|
j
e,
g
ens
|
/l/
|
/l/
|
ai
le
,
l
e
|
/?/
|
/R/
|
peu
r
eux,
r
ien
|
|
|
|
Semi-consonantas
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/j/
|
/j/
|
b
i
en, fi
lle
|
/w/
|
/w/
|
p
o
ids, n
o
ir,
w
att
|
/?/
|
/H/
|
h
u
ile, n
u
it
|
|
|
|
Especials
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/ŋ/
|
/N/
|
campi
ng
(angles)
|
/?/
|
/?/
|
h
aricot
|
|
|
Vocalas
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/i/
|
/i/
|
happ
y
|
/iː/
|
/i:/
|
ease, s
ee
|
/?/
|
/I/
|
c
i
ty, b
i
t
|
/e?/
|
/eI/
|
b
ai
t
|
/?/
|
/E/
|
b
e
d, b
e
t
|
/æ/
|
/{/
|
b
a
d, c
a
t
|
/?/
|
/@/
|
a
bout
|
/?/
|
|
colo
r
(us)
|
/?ː/
|
/3:/
|
f
u
r, b
i
rd
(gb)
|
/?/
|
/3`/
|
f
u
r, b
i
rd
(us)
|
/uː/
|
/u:/
|
b
oo
t, s
oo
n, l
o
se
(gb)
|
/u/
|
/u/
|
b
oo
t, s
oo
n, l
o
se
(us)
|
/u/
|
/u/
|
int
o
|
/?/
|
/U/
|
p
u
t, f
oo
t
|
/o?/
|
//
|
b
oa
t, n
o
se
(us)
|
/??/
|
//
|
b
oa
t, n
o
se
(gb)
|
/?/
|
/V/
|
r
u
n, en
ou
gh,
u
p
|
/?ː/
|
/O:/
|
s
aw
, c
augh
t
(gb)
|
/?ː/
|
/A:/
|
f
a
ther
(gb)
|
/?/
|
/Q/
|
n
o
t, c
ou
gh
(gb)
|
|
|
|
Diftongas
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/??/
|
/AI/
|
r
i
se, m
y
|
/??/
|
/AU/
|
h
ou
se, n
ow
|
/??/
|
/OI/
|
n
oi
se, b
oy
|
/e?/
|
/eI/
|
s
a
me, pl
ay
, b
ai
t
|
/??/
/o?/
|
/@U/
/OU/
|
h
o
pe, g
o
, kn
ow
|
/??/
|
/I@/
|
eer
, n
ear
, h
ere
|
/e?/
|
/e@/
|
p
ear
, th
ere
|
/??/
|
/U@/
|
p
oor
|
/u?/
|
/U@/
|
cr
ue
l
|
??
|
/O@/
|
m
o
re
|
|
|
|
Consonantas
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/b/
|
/b/
|
b
ut, ca
b
|
/t?/
|
/tS/
|
ch
air, pic
t
ure, bran
ch
|
/d/
|
/d/
|
d
o, woo
d
|
/d?/
|
/dZ/
|
j
u
dg
e,
g
in
|
/f/
|
/f/
|
f
ool, enou
gh
|
/?/
|
/g/
|
g
o, ba
g
|
/h/
|
/h/
|
ham
|
/k/
|
/k/
|
c
at,
k
ill,
q
ueen
|
/l/
|
/l/
|
l
eft
|
/?/
|
/5/
|
mi
l
k
|
/m/
|
/m/
|
m
an, hi
m
|
/?/
|
|
e
m
phasis, a
m
phora
|
/n/
|
/n/
|
n
o
|
/ŋ/
|
/N/
|
si
ng
er, ri
ng
|
/?/
|
/J/
|
ca
ny
on
|
/p/
|
/p/
|
p
en, to
p
|
/r/
|
/r/
|
r
un, ve
r
y
(gb)
|
/?/
|
/r\`/
|
r
un, ve
r
y
(us)
|
/s/
|
/s/
|
s
ee, pa
s
,
c
ity
|
/?/
|
/S/
|
sh
e,
s
ure, emo
t
ion
|
/t/
|
/t/
|
t
o, ma
t
|
/θ/
|
/T/
|
th
ing, no
th
ing, mo
th
|
/ð/
|
/D/
|
th
is, fa
th
er, clo
th
e
|
/v/
|
/v/
|
v
oice
|
/w/
|
/w/
|
w
e
|
/j/
|
/j/
|
y
es
|
/?/
|
/W/
|
wh
ich
(gb)
|
/x/
|
/x/
|
lo
ch
(ecossais)
|
/z/
|
/z/
|
z
oo, ro
s
e
s
|
/?/
|
/Z/
|
plea
s
ure
|
|
|
Vocalas
|
API
|
SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/a/
|
/a/
|
a
p
a
rt
a
do,
a
segur
a
r
|
/e/
|
/e/
|
e
namorado,
e
lucidar
|
/i/
|
/i/
|
i
sla,
i
r
|
/o/
|
/o/
|
o
bligad
o
,
o
bjet
o
,
o
frecer
|
/u/
|
/u/
|
u
sted,
u
nico
|
|
|
|
Consonantas
|
API
|
SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/b/
|
/b/
|
b
ueno,
v
aca
|
/k/
|
/k/
|
c
oger,
c
lase
|
/θ/
|
/T/
|
ha
c
er,
z
apato
|
/t?/
|
/tS/
|
ch
antaje,
ch
ico
|
/d/
|
/d/
|
d
ar,
d
olor
|
/?/
|
/g/
|
g
uardar,
g
alante
|
/f/
|
/f/
|
f
amilia,
f
lujo
|
/x/
|
/x/
|
j
efe,
j
uicio,
g
imenez
|
/l/
|
/l/
|
l
avar,
l
evantar
|
/?/
|
/L/
|
ha
ll
ar, amari
ll
o
|
/m/
|
/m/
|
m
ujer,
m
adre
|
/n/
|
/n/
|
n
ave,
n
oble
|
/?/
|
/J/
|
n
o
n
o, ni
n
a
|
/p/
|
/p/
|
p
adre,
p
ez
|
/?/
|
/r/ (/4/)
|
rei
r
, o
r
o, de
r
echo
|
/r/
|
/rr/
|
pe
rr
a,
r
egla, hon
r
a
|
/s/
|
/s/
|
s
alir,
s
imbolo
|
/t/
|
/t/
|
t
irar,
t
raer
|
/β/
|
/B/
|
a
b
rir, intensi
v
o
|
/ð/
|
/D/
|
ayu
d
ar
|
/?/
|
/j/
|
y
o, a
y
udar
|
|
|
Vocalas
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/?iː/
|
|
Kn
ie
,
ih
r
|
/??/
|
|
M
i
tte
|
/i/
|
|
p
i
kant
|
/?eː/
|
|
r
e
den, B
ee
t,
Eh
re
|
/??/
|
|
B
e
tt, h
a
tte
|
/e/
|
|
P
e
dant
|
/?/
|
|
bitt
e
, b
e
kannt
|
/??ː/
|
|
K
a
se,
ah
neln
|
/?/
|
|
pr
a
zis
|
/?aː/
|
|
T
a
del, S
aa
t, B
ah
n
|
/?a/
|
|
B
a
nn
|
/?oː/
|
|
O
fen, B
oo
t,
Oh
r
|
/??/
|
|
G
o
tt
|
/o/
|
|
M
o
tiv
|
/?øː/
|
|
sch
o
n, F
oh
n
|
/?œ/
|
|
k
o
nnen
|
/œ/
|
|
...
|
/ø/
|
|
...
|
/?uː/
|
|
M
u
s, St
uh
l
|
/??/
|
|
Fl
u
ss
|
/u/
|
|
M
u
tant
|
/?yː/
|
|
u
ber, f
uh
ren
|
/??/
|
|
d
u
nn
|
/y/
|
|
u
bersetzen, Ph
y
sik
|
/a?/
|
|
Ei
, K
ai
|
/a?/
|
|
H
au
s
|
/??/
|
|
h
ey
|
/??/
|
|
H
eu
, L
au
fer
|
/??/
|
|
pf
ui
|
|
|
|
Consonantas
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/j/
|
|
j
a
|
/p/
|
|
P
anne, a
b
, A
b
tei
|
/b/
|
|
B
ann
|
/t/
|
|
T
ag, Ra
d
,
Th
eater
|
/d/
|
|
d
ann
|
/k/
|
|
k
ann, Ta
g
,
Ch
lor,
Qu
alitat (/kv/)
|
/?/
|
|
g
ut
|
/f/
|
|
F
ang,
Ph
ysik
|
/v/
|
|
w
ann,
Qu
alitat (/kv/)
|
/s/
|
|
Fa
ss
,
S
kat, Mu
s
, Fu
ß
, rei
ss
en
|
/z/
|
|
Wie
s
e,
S
and
|
/?/
|
|
sch
on,
S
tadt,
S
pur
|
/?/
|
|
Gara
g
e,
J
ournal
|
/x/
|
|
a
ch
, Bu
ch
, To
ch
ter
|
/c/
|
|
i
ch
, e
ch
t, Bu
ch
er, mo
ch
te,
Ch
emie
|
/r/
|
|
R
at
|
/h/
|
|
H
and
|
/l/
|
|
L
and
|
/m/
|
|
M
ann
|
/n/
|
|
n
un
|
/ŋ/
|
|
Ra
ng
, da
n
ke
|
|
|
- L'accent tonic es notat amb lo simbol /?/ e s'utiliza tanben dins los mots d'una sillaba. Aquesta tiera dessepara las vocalas de las sillabas que portan l'accent de las vocalas dins las sillabas sens accent, a mai se la valor de las vocalas es la meteissa. L'accent se placara totjorn al comencament de la sillaba, e non pas de la vocala.
- Las vocalas longas son seguidas del simbol /ː/.
- Certains dels fonemas cai-jos son d'allofons (coma /x/ e /c/), mas lor prononciacion es tan diferenta que son notats per de simbols diferents.
- Lo son de la letra
r
es notat /r/ a mai se sovent se prononcia [?]. Exemple: /?art/ per
Art
.
- Las terminasons nonaccentuadas
-er
e
-ern
son notadas /?r/ e /?rn/.
- Las terminasons non-accentuees
-en
,
-el
,
-eln
son marcadas /?n/, /?l/ e /?ln/.
- La terminason
-ig
se nota /?k/.
Remarcas sus la prononciacion:
- Una [?] se prononcia a la debuta de las sillabas que comencan amb una vocala. Aqueste son es pas jamai indicat dins la prononciacion.
- Dins los mots que s'acaban per /?n/, la /?/ es sovent laissada de caire e la /n/ es assimilasa a la consonanta anteriora. Exemples:
- raten
/?raː.t?n/ sovent se prononcia [?raː.tn?]
- geben
/?geː.b?n/ es prononciat sovent [?geː.bm?]
- Haken
/?haː.k?n/ se ditz mai que mai [?haː.kŋ?]
- /?l/ en fin de mots se prononcia sovent [l?]
- Coma en frances, la /r/ se prononcia generalament [?]
- La letra
a
est souvent prononcee [e] au lieu de [?]. Exemple: [?keː.z?] per Kase, note /?k?ː.z?/.
Las letras de l'esperanto son las meteissas que las de l'Alfabet fonetic internacional, franc las letras ? [?], ? [t?], c [ts], ? [?], ? [d?], ? [w], ? [x].
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Vocalas
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/a/
|
|
a
m
a
r
|
/?/
|
|
f
?
r
?
|
/?/
|
|
v
a
r
i
|
/e/
|
|
e
l
e
v
|
/i/
|
|
i
r
i
s
|
/o/
|
|
o
c
o
l
|
/ø/
|
|
l
oe
ss
|
/u/
|
|
u
l
u
c
|
/y/
|
|
f
u
hrer
|
|
|
|
Consonantas
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/p/
|
|
p
e?te
|
/b/
|
|
b
anc?
|
/t/
|
|
t
ot
|
/d/
|
|
d
up?
|
/k/
|
|
c
arte
|
/g/
|
|
g
rup
|
/?/
|
|
c
er,
c
irc
|
/?/
|
|
g
er,
g
ir
|
/f/
|
|
f
oc
|
/v/
|
|
v
arz?
|
/s/
|
|
s
oare
|
/z/
|
|
z
er
|
/?/
|
|
?
arpe
|
/?/
|
|
j
oc
|
/h/
|
|
h
arp?,
h
orn,
h
ien?
|
/m/
|
|
m
ac
|
/n/
|
|
n
or
|
/l/
|
|
l
ac
|
/r/
|
|
r
ac
|
|
|
|
Semivocalas
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/w/
|
|
ro
u
?
|
/j/
|
|
i
arn?
|
/e?/
|
|
d
e
al
|
/o?/
|
|
d
o
ar
|
|
|
|
Palatalisation
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/??/
|
|
cinc
i
|
|
|
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Vocalas
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/a/
|
|
a
me (
雨
)
|
/i/
|
|
i
nu (
犬
)
|
/?/
|
|
u
chi (
家
)
|
/e/
|
|
e
ko (
依?
)
|
/o/
|
|
o
ni (
鬼
)
|
|
|
|
Consonantas
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/k/
|
|
k
ara (
から
)
|
/s/
|
|
s
ono (
その
)
|
/t/
|
|
t
abi (
足袋
)
|
/ts/
|
|
ts
unami (
津波
)
|
/n/
|
|
n
uma (
沼
)
|
/h/
|
|
h
aku (
博
)
|
/?/
|
|
f
uton (
布?
)
|
/m/
|
|
m
iru (
見る
))
|
/j/
|
|
y
atsu (
奴
)
|
/?/
|
|
r
ingo (
林檎
)
|
/?/
|
|
w
a (
和
)
|
/?/
|
|
w
o (
を
)
|
/g/
|
|
g
eta (
下?
)
|
/d/
|
|
d
ono (
何の
)
|
/z/
|
|
z
? (
象
)
|
/dz/
|
|
z
urai (
辛い
)
|
/b/
|
|
b
aka (
馬鹿
)
|
/p/
|
|
p
apa (
パパ
)
|
/??/
|
|
chika
n
(
痴漢
)
|
/m/
|
|
e
n
pitsu (
鉛筆
)
|
/n/
|
|
a
n
ta (
あんた
)
|
/ŋ?/
|
|
a
n
ga (
安臥
)
|
|
|
|
Palatalizacion
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/?/
|
|
sh
a (
?
)
|
/c?/
|
|
ch
ibi (
ちび
)
|
/c/
|
|
h
ito (
人
)
|
/?/ dans /??/ ou /?i/
|
|
j
ibun (
自分
)
|
consonne + /j/ => /consonne + ?/
|
|
my
?(
冥
)
|
|
|
|
Arquifonema
|
API
|
X-SAMPA
|
Exemples
|
/Q/
|
|
nip'pon (
日本
)
|
|
|
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