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????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? "????????" ?????. ???? 1945 ???? ????? ???????? 38 ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???????. ???????? ??? ????? ?????, ????? ???'???????, ????? ????? ??????? ???????? - ???? ????? ?"??????", ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????. ¹ ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? "????????", ???????? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??-?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???. ????? ???, ??? ????? "????? ??????" ???? ???? ?????? ?-1937 ???? ???? ???????? 1945 ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?', ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???, ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????:

????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? "??????", "?????? ?????" ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????, ????????? ?????... ????? ??????? ????????, ????????, ???????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ????????. ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????. ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????, ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????... ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????, ??????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???. ²

?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???. ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ????, ????? ??????? ???. ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? - ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? "??????" ? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? - ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? "??????? ????", ????? ??????. ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????. ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? 1945, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????, ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ³

???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????, ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???. ?? ??? ??????? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????, ????? ???????? ????????. ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????, ???? ???????, ????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? 1945. ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????-??????, ???? ????, ????? ????-???????, ??? ????????-???, ???? ?????, ??'???? ????-???????, ????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ?????-??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ???? ????????'-?????, ???? ???????-?????????, ????? ????'?? (???) ??????. ⁴ ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???, ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ⁵

??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?"??" ?? ?"????" ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ?"????? ??????". "????? ??????" ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????????. ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ?????????. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ⁶ ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????.

?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? 1945 ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???, ???? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ?-3,800 ?????. ⁷ ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ???????, ?? ?? ?? ??????, ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????, ??????? ????????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???????? ?????, ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.

????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???, ????? ???-?????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????, ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???. ⁸ ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????-???????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? "??????". ⁹ ???????, ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?????. ¹⁰

?? ??? 1945 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????: ????? ?? ????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????-???????, ????? ????? ???? 1946, ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ?-3,300 ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ¹¹ ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????. ¹²

???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??? ??? ??? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ?????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????, ?? ??? ????? ????. ¹³ ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??. ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ¹⁴

??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????-???????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????? ????-??????? "????? ????????? ???????" (ZPP - Zwi?zek Patriotow Polskich). ???, ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????. ¹⁵ ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???. ¹⁶ ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????-???????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? "???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????" ???? ???? ?????.

???? ????????????

??? ?? ???? ???? (?????? ???????), ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 1945, ???? ????? ????? ????????????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???"? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? (????) ?????? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ?? ????, ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ?????????. ??? ????? ???????, ???? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????. ¹⁷ ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???, ?????? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ¹⁸ ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???.

???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??. ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????, ???? ??, ????? ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ????, ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ¹⁹ ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???. ????? ???: "??????, ??? ???-?????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ????? ????-????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???". ²⁰

??????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ?????. ????? 3000 ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ?????. ²¹

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???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????. ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ²⁷ ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ?????????, ????'?? ?????, ????? ????????. ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. ²⁸

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???? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???, ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ???. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? - ????, ????? ?????, ???? ???????, ????????, ?????? (?????? ?? ??????? ???????), ????? ??????, ????? ?????"? - ???? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? "???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????", ?????? ????? ??? ????. ²⁹

????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????, ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???. ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? "??????" ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????, ??? ???????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????. ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????, ???? ???. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????????, ?? ???? ????? ????????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???. ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???, ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? "??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????" (????? ???????: Koordynacia dla spraw .(dzieci i młodzie?y w Polsce ³⁰

????? ????? ???? ?? ????????????, ????? ???? ????' ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????. ??-??-?? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ³¹ ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? 1946 ?? ????? 1948. ????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ???????, ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? 1949. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???: ??? ?????, ????? ???? (?????), ??? ????????, ????? ???????? (??? ?????? ?????'). ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???: ???? ????? (????? ??????), ??? ?????, ?????? ???, ????? ??'??? (???????). ?? ???"? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? (????? ?? ??? ??????). ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????. ³² ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ????????? 1946 ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?' ?"?????", ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ????: "???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????-???? ?? ???? ?????... ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????, ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????." ³³

??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????: ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?'??????? ????? ??. ³⁴ ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ???-??-?? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???. ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????.

????? ???????, ???? ?????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????????. ??????? ??? ???? ??? "?????", ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????-??????? ??????? ???? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???, ???? ??? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???:

?????? ???????, ?? ??? ?????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ????? ??? ?????... ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????, ??????? ???????, ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??... ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????, ?????? ????... ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ????, ???? ?? ???, ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????... ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????', ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???. ³⁵

????? ?????? ???? ????????????, ???? ??????? ??? ??? 1947, ???? ??? ????? (????????), ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??? ??? "?????" ???????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????. ??????? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? 1945 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ?????' ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ?? ???? ??? ??????, ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????. ³⁶

?????? ????? ????????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? (??????? ???? ???? ??????) ???? ????? ??????? 1946. ???? ?? ????? ??????:

1. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????.
2. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????.
3. ????? ??????? ??????: ?. ??????; ?. ??????; ?. ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????.
4. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????.

?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??, "??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????!" (??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????!). ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????????, ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????????. ?????? ????? ????? ?? 216 ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????????. ³⁷

?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????; ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????; ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ³⁸

??-??-?? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?-?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ?? ????, "??? ????", ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????. ³⁹ ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ???? ???? ?????. ??, ????, ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????, ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ??????? ??????. ⁴⁰

??? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????. ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????????. ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??, "???? ?'?????' [????? ?????] ?'??????' ?????? ??? ????, ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????". ⁴¹ ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????????, ???? ????? ???? ??, "?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????." ⁴²

???? ????, ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???-?????? ????, ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????????. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????, ??? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????????? ???, "????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ????????, ?? ?????? ??? ???. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????????, ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????". ⁴³ ??? ???.

???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????????, ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? 1947. ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? 1947, ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????????, ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????'?, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ⁴⁴ ??? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????????????, ???? ????, ????? ??????. ??????, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???. ⁴⁵ ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????.

???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????, ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????. ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??, ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ??'???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ???????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ???'??, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??'???? ????? ?? ?????? ??'???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? 1946, ??????? ????????????, ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????, ???? ?????-????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ??????? ??????????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????????? ???'???? ???? ????? ?? 140 ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. "???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????-?????", ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ⁴⁶ ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??'???? ???????, ???? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????????, ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ⁴⁷

?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??'???? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? 1948-1945 ????? ??'???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ⁴⁸ ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ??'????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??'???? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ?????? 1947 ???? ??'???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ⁴⁹ ???????? ??????? ?? ??'???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. ????'???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??. ?? ?? ????? ????? 1946 ??? ?????? 1947 ????? ??'???? ???? ???????????? ?-35.5 ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?-1,000 ????? ????????? ???????? ??????. ⁵⁰ ??-??-??-?? ???? ??'???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????????. ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???'???? ????? ????? ?????. ⁵¹ ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????-????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??'????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??? ??'???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ⁵²

???? ??????? ?? ??'???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????. ??'????, ???? ????? ??? ?????-??????? ??? ??????? ????????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??'????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ???'???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???, ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ???????? ?? ??'???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????. ??-??-??-?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???, ????, ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? "??????" ???????. ⁵³ ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????, ????????, ??????, ??? ?????? ????????, ????? ??'???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????, ??? ?? ??? ???.

?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????????????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??, ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. "???? ????? ??? ??? ???", ???, "?? ????? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ?? ??????... ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????!" ⁵⁴

???? 1946 ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, 14,000 ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ⁵⁵ ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?"????????? ???????? ???????" ??????-????? 20,000 ????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????-?????, ???? ????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ?????, ??????? ?? ???? ???????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ⁵⁶ ???? 1946 ????? ???? ????? ???? ?-40,000 ???? ?????? ??????. ⁵⁷ ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?-20 ?????? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ⁵⁸

???????? ?????? ????????, ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????????????, ???? ?????? ?????. ⁵⁹ ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????', ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????, ????? ??????? ?????? ??, ??? ?? ????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? (Pietrolesie)???????-?????? (Biały-Kamie?) ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???, ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ⁶⁰

??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ⁶¹ ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????-???????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ⁶² ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????' ?????? ??????? ????. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ????? ???? ????? ????'?? (???), ??? ??? ????? ???????, ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????-???????. ⁶³ ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????' ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??. ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ??? ??? "?????", ??? ??? ?????? ???????-?????? ???? ????? ??????. ⁶⁴ ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????-???????, ??? ????? ?'???, ???? ????????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? "?????". ⁶⁵ ??? ??? ?????? ??????' ???? ?? ??? 1949, ?? ????? ???????????? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????, ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? 1946.

?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????, ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????, ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???. ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????'. ⁶⁶

???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????, ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????, ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? - ???? ??? ??? ?-18 ?????? 1946 ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ⁶⁷ ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???. ⁶⁸

????? ?? ?????? ?????

?????, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????????. ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????, ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????. ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ⁶⁹

?????? ????? ???? ?-1914 ?????? ??????? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????. ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????, ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????-??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? - ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? 1945, ?? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? (???), ?? ??? ????? ????? ??. ????? ??? ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ⁷⁰ ??-??-?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ??.

??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???. ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?? ??? ????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???, ???? ??????, ???? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???, ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????. ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??. ⁷¹

????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ???? 1945 ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???????, ???? ????'?(Zabrze) , ???? ???????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????'? ????? (G?szcze Puste)??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????'? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????-??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ????'? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ????, ?? ??? 1949, ???? ???? ?? ???? "????? ??????" ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ⁷²

??? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????, ??? ????? ??? ????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??-??-?? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???-??????. ???????? ???? ????? ???? "????? ????????" ??-????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? - ?????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ?????. ⁷³ ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ????????????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????, ?? ?? ??????, ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????.

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???????, ??? ?? ??? 1947 ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ?????. ⁷⁴ ???? 1946, ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? 10,000 ??"? (40,000 ????). ???? ?-4,000 ??"? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ???????????? 2,000 ??"?, ??? ????? ????, 2,000 ??"?, ????? ??? ????? "?????? 300 ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????", ????? ????? ????. ⁷⁵ ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ?? 5,000 ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????. ⁷⁶ ??? ????????????, ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???. ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ??????, "??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????". ⁷⁷

?? ????? 1947 ????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????-????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???? ????????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ?-2 ?????? 1947 ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ⁷⁸ ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????:

?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ?????... ??? ????? ?? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??. ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? (?????), ??? ??? ???? ???, ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ⁷⁹

?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ????????, ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????, ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? 1947, ????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????, ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????????????, ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ??????, ??-24 ??????? ??? ?-6 ???? 1947, ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?? ????????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????, ?? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??, ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ⁸⁰

???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????, ??? ????? ??? 1947, ????? 5,000 ??"? (20,000 ????) ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????, ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ⁸¹ ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??, ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????. ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????:

... ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????, ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??. ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????... ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??. ?????? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????... ????? ????: ?. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??-??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ?. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? 10,000 ??"? ?????? ?????? ??????. ⁸²

??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? "????? ?????", ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ????, ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ??????? ?"??? ????" ?????. ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???, ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ?"??? ??????" ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ⁸³

?-22 ??????? 1947 ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??, ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????????. ?-27 ??????? 1947, ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????????, ??? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?"????? ?????" ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? "????? ??????" ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????? ??? 3,000 ??"? (12,000 ????), ????????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? "????? ??????". ⁸⁴

????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? "????? ??????", ?????? ?? ????????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????: ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ?????? ????????????; ?????? ?????? ????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? [????'?]; ???????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? "????? ??????" ??? ????? ?????; ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????. ⁸⁵

???? ???? ???? ??? ????, ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ?-29 ???????? 1947 ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????, ??????? ?? ????????, ?????? ???????????? 9,000 ??"? (36,000 ????) ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1947. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ⁸⁶

????? ??? 1947 ??? ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ?-21,000 ??"? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? 1947, 12,000 ??"? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? 9,000 ??"?, ??????, ???????????? ?????? ?-3,000 ??"? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? "???????" ??????? ?? 4,000 ??"?. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1947 ?????? 75 ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ⁸⁷

?????? 1947 ???? ???? ????? ???????, ???? ????????? ?????, ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??-??-??-?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????-??? 1948, ????? ?? 40,000 ??"?, ?????? ??? ???? 3,000 ??"? ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ???? 15,000 ??"?, ??? 37 ???? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? 2,000 ??"? ???????????? ??????. ⁸⁸ ????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????, ????????? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????. ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????????????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ⁸⁹ ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? 1947 ???? ????? ??, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????.

??? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ???. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1946-1945 ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? 14 ????? ????? ?? 140,000 ?????. ⁹⁰ ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????.

??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ??? ???'????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ???? ???. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? 1945 ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????, ?????, ?????? ??????. ???? 1946 ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????, ???? ???????, ????? ??? ??? ????, ??????? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????-?????. ??? ?????? ????, ???? 1946, ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????'?, ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??, ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????, ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? 1946, ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????'?. ⁹¹

???? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ⁹² ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????:

???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????... ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??"? [???? ?????? ?????] ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? "????? ??????". ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? 22 ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? 104 ?????... ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???. ⁹³

?-14 ??????? 1946 ???? ?????? ??? ???????, ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????. ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? 5,000 ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????, ?? ??????? ????? 1,500 ????, ????? ????, ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????. ??-?? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????-?????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????????, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????'?. ⁹⁴

???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? "????? ????? ?????" (Child Rescue Commission)???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????, ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????-??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??'???. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? 1946, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ??-?? ?????, ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??'???. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ⁹⁵

1. ???? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ?????: ????? ????? ????? 1949-1945, ?? ???? 1989, ??' 18.
2. ????? ???, ?????? ?? ????: "??????" ? ?????, 1946-1945, ?? ???? 1996, ??' 198.
3. ???? ??????, ????? ?????: ?? "??????" ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? 1988, ??' 20.
4. ??????, ????? ?? ???? ?????, ??' 18.
5. ???? ????????-?????, "??? ????? ?????", ???? ???? ??? (????), ??? ????? ?????, ??? ?', ?????? 1961, ??' 312-311.
6. ???? ???? ??????? ??????, "????? ?? ??????", ??, ??' 291-290.
7. Sprawozdanie Wydzial Opieki nad Dzieckiem C.K.?.w P.na rok 1946, A?IH (CK? WO)
8. ????????-?????, "??? ????? ?????", ??' 313-312.
9. ??? ???-?????, ??? ?????? ?? ????, ?? ???? 1986, ??' 190.
10. ???? ????????, "?????? ???????? ??????", ???? ?????? ?????, ??' 99.
11. ???, ?????? ?? ????, ???? ?', ??' 465-464.
12. ???? ???? (???????), ???? ?????? ?????, ??' 67.
13. ???? ???? ???????-?????????, ??"?, 26(68); ????? ???????, "???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? 1949-1946", ???? ???? ?'-?', (1985), ??' 253.
14. ???-?????, ??? ??????, ??' 190.
15. ????, ???? ?????? ?????, ??' 91.
16. ???? ???? ???????-?????????, ??"?, 26(68).
17. ????, ???? ?????? ?????, ??' 79-78.
18. ??, ??' 77-76.
19. ??, ??' 83.
20. ???? ???? ????, ??"?, 10(68).
21. ????, ???? ?????? ?????, ??' 83.
22. ??, ??' 84.
23. ??? ?????, "???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????", ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?' 1952, ??' 118.
24. ????, ???? ?????? ?????, ??' 85-84. ??? ???? ????, ????? ????? 60,000 ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??.
25. ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??'???, 14 ??????? 1946, ???"?, .M-20/22
26. ????, ???? ?????? ?????, ??' 85.
27. ???-?????, ??? ??????, ??' 191.
28. ?????, "???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????", ??' 120; ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????-?????????, ??"?, 26(68).
29. ?????, "???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????", ??' 120.
30. ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????.
31. ???? ????? ???????, ??"?, 15(68)?; ???? ??? ??????, ??"?, 41(68).
32. ???????, "???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????", ??' 254.
33. ???, ?????? ?? ????, ??' 237-236.
34. ???????, "???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????", ??' 254.
35. ???? ????? ???????, ??"?, 15(68)?.
36. ???-?????, ??? ??????, ??' 189.
37. ???? ?????? ????, ?????? 1946, ??"?, ?.5612.
38. ?????, "???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????", ??' 121.
39. ????, ???? ?????? ?????, ??' 86.
40. ???? ????? ???????, ??"?, 15(68)?.
41. ???? ???? (????? ???????), "????? ??????", ???? ?????? ???? ???"? 182 (7 ?????? 1946), ?????? ??????, 44.8-19.
42. ?????, "???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????", ??' 120.
43. ????, ???? ?????, ??' 54.
44. ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????????????, ????', 27 ??????? 1947 ? 2 ???????? 1947, ??"?, /1424S26.
45. ???? ?????? ?????, ??"?, 28(68)?.
46. ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????, (??? ?????, ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 1946), ??"?, .S26/1317
47. ????, ???? ?????? ?????, ??' 92.
48. AJDC Poland, Annual Reports 1946-1947, GJA/125B/126A
49. Report of AJDC Poland, First Quarter 1947, GJA/12B/C-61.034
50. ????? ????? ?? ????????????, ??? 1946 ? ?????? 1947, ??"?, .S26/1424
51. ??.
52. ???? ????? ???????, ??"?, 15(68)?.
53. ????? ?????, "?'????", ???? ??????????? ?? ?????, ??? ?', ??' 250.
54. ???? ???? (????? ???????), "????? ??????", ???? ?????? ???? ???"? 182 (4 ?????? 1946), ?????? ??????, 44.8-19.
55. ????, ???? ?????? ?????, ??' 92. ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? 15,000 ????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? 1946 ?????? ???????? ?? 14,000 ????. ??? ????: ???? 50.
56. ???? ????? ???????, ??"?, 15(68)?.
57. ???? ???? ?? ????????????, ??? 1946 ? ?????? 1947, ??"?, .S26/1424
58. ?' ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????, 25 ?????? 1946, ??"?, .S26/1248
59. ??? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????, ???? ?', 12 ?????? 1946, ?????? ??????, 24.58.
60. ???????, "???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????", ??' 260.
61. ??? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????, ???? ?', 12 ?????? 1946, ?????? ??????, 24.58.
62. ?????, "???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????", ??' 121.
63. ??????: ???? ???????-?????????, ??"?, 26(68); ????? ???, ??"?, 20(68).
64. ???????, "???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????", ??' 260.
65. ???? ??? ????, ????? ????? ??????: ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ?', 1997, ??' 410.
66. ?' ????????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????????, 1 ?????? 1947, ??"?, .S75/1760
67. ????? ?????? ?? ????????????, ????? ?????? ???? ??????, 17 ?????? 1946, ?????? ??????, 24.58.
68. "??????? ??? ?????? ?????????", ???? ?????? ????, ?????? 1946, ??"?, ?.5612; ?????, "???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????", ??' 122-121.
69. ????, ???? ?????, ??' 52-47.
70. ???? ?????? ?????, ???"?, 0-3/3249.
71. ??.
72. ????, ???? ?????, ??' 51.
73. ???? ?????? ?????, ???"?, 0-3/3249.
74. ???? ?????? ?????, ??"?, 28(68)?.
75. ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ??????, ?' ???? ??"?, ??"?, .S26/1266
76. ?????, ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????, 12 ??????? 1947, ??"?, .S26/1424
77. ???? ?????? ?????, ??"?, 28(68)?.
78. ??? ???????????? ??????? ???????, 2 ?????? 1947, ??"?, .S75/1760
79. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ?' ????? ??"?, ??"?, .S26/1317
80. ???????? ????????????, 21 ????? 1947, ??"?, ;S26/1424????? ??? ???????????? ?????????, 14 ??????? 1948, ??"?, .S26/1601
81. ?????? ??? ?????, 4 ???? 1947, ??"?, .S26/1410
82. ???? ?????????, 5 ????? 1947, ??"?, .S26/1317
83. ???????? ????????????, 21 ????? 1947, ??"?, .S26/1601
84. ???????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????????, 27 ??????? 1947, ??"?, .S26/1424
85. ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???????, 2 ???????? 1947, ??.
86. ???????? ????????????, 3 ??????? 1947, ??.
87. ??? ????? ?????? ??????, 3 ??????? 1947, ??"?, .S26/1410
88. ??? ?????????, 2 ???? 1948, ??; (??? ?????) ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, 10 ???? 1948, ??.
89. ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????, 10 ??????? 1947, ??"?, S26/1317; ??????? ????? ?????, 8 ?????? 1947, ??"?, .S26/1424
90. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? 1946-1945, ???"?, .P-20/33
91. Solomon Schonfeld, Message to Jewry, London, [n.d.], pp. 138-139, 156-160; ???? ?????? ?????, ???"?, 0-3/3249.
92. ???? ?????? ?????, ??"?, 28(68)?.
93. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????"? ????????, ?' ??? ?' ??"?, (13 ???? 1946), ???"?, .P-20/6
94. ???????, ???? ?????, ??' 432-431.
95. ???? ??? ?????, ??"?, 50(68).

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