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The completed house looked as much like an apartment building as a private mansion --
NYPL Collection
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While other millionaires were building ostentatious mansions
that spread northward along Central Park, John D. Rockefeller preferred to
purchase an already aging brownstone at
No. 4 West 54
th
Street.
A devout Baptist, he eschewed display and
raised his family in a comfortable yet restrained environment.
Son John Junior would not share his father’s disdain of flamboyance.
On October 9, 1901 John D. Rockefeller, Jr. married Abby
Green Aldrich in a major social event of the period.
The wedding took place in the Aldrich summer
estate in Rhode Island.
Rockefeller
arranged for the 500 guests to be transported there on two private steamers from
Manhattan and 45 special train cars.
The newlyweds lived in the Rockefeller mansion for a few
years before moving across the street to No. 31 in 1905.
He was earning a salary of $10,000 (about
$200,000 today) working as one of three advisors to his father.
But as Junior’s family increased, so did
his fortune.
By 1912 John and Abby had five children who taxed the size
of their home.
John Senior gave his son
some Manhattan property and his entire holdings in the American Linseed Company.
It was time for a larger house.
John Junior purchased the property at No. 10 West 54
th
Street, abutting the side garden of his childhood home.
He demolished the mansion of Colonel John
J. McCook on the site and commissioned William Wells Bosworth to design a
gargantuan residence, eight stories tall, that would dwarf his father’s Civil
War period home next door.
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The rising house dwarfs the nearby brownstown rowhouses in 1912 --
NYPL Collection
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The entrance opened into a large vestibule and two reception
rooms.
In an unusual move, the first floor was devoted to
utilitarian purposes rather than entertaining.
Rockefeller’s office, a breakfast room and the servants’ quarters were
all on this floor.
Upstairs things were
a bit more impressive.
The Sun
, on October 27, 1912, described the house as it
neared completion.
“The second floor is
planned to be one of the most attractive suites in the city.
Here will be the dining room, the drawing
room and the music room, all of large dimensions, with plenty of window space.”
The newspaper took a swipe at other Standard Oil transplants
from Ohio.
“Specially designed furniture
and hangings are being made by the best manufacturers for this apartment, which
while not intended to be as lavish or ostentatious as those in the homes of
some of the Western men of means who have built homes on or near Fifth avenue
will be unusually attractive.”
The floors above were devoted to the family.
The entire third floor was reserved for John
and Abby, including a library.
The
fourth housed the children’s bedrooms and rooms for nurses and personal
attendants of the family.
The fifth
floor was entirely devoted to guestrooms, as was part of the sixth.
The upper two floors were for recreation.
The seventh floor contained “as perfectly
equipped a gymnasium as it is possible to have in a house of this kind,” said
The Sun
.
There were also a squash court
and “baths of various kinds.”
The
uppermost floor contained an open air playground for the children, a roof
garden, and a huge open sun parlor with glass walls.
In the days before air conditioning, the
family could retreat here at night to the open air sleeping pavilion.
The completed 102-foot tall house was the tallest private
home ever built in New York.
Rockefeller’s new mansion was completed in 1912—a year when
unions and capitalists were butting heads, sometimes violently.
The Labor Defense Committee and the IWW
staged protests that met with rough police reaction.
Labor versus management differences would be
manifested on the threshold of the new house.
In May 1914 news was reaching New York about a tragic and
violent end to a miners’ strike in Ludlow, Colorado.
Workers at a company owned by John D.
Rockefeller, Jr.
had demanded in 1913 that
the company obey labor laws regarding safety and cash payment of wages.
An angry Rockefeller responded
by having the workers—mostly immigrants—evicted from company-owned housing.
The homeless miners erected a tent city nearby where
families suffered through a severe Colorado winter.
As the standoff continued, Rockefeller ordered the National Guard to
attack the settlement with machine guns and rifles and set fire to the tents.
When the smoke cleared, 22 people were dead—workers, women
and children—from beatings, bullet wounds and suffocation.
In response, activist and author Upton Sinclair organized a demonstration
of peaceful resistance.
Rows of “silent
mourners” paraded past the Standard Oil offices and, then, showed up at the 54
th
Street house.
On the afternoon of May 2 five “mourners” showed up at 5:30 and
walked back and forth before the mansion for four hours.
When it became obvious they were not going away,
Detective Billy Ward “decided that the promenade was too short and compelled
the walkers to lengthen the laps until they extended from Fifth avenue almost
to Sixth avenue,” said
The Sun
the following day.
The detective’s ploy did not succeed; however
when one demonstrator attempted to make a speak from the mansion steps, “Ward
made him scoot.”
Five days later the group of five silent mourners had grown
to a crowd.
On May 7 traffic police were
astonished to see “hundreds” coming up Fifth Avenue headed towards the
Rockefeller mansion.
Leading them was a
man in the black robe of Death.
The
demonstrators marched from Sixth Avenue and 50
th
Street.
The Sun
reported that “By the time Fifth
avenue was reached the crowd was so big that it cut off all traffic for between
ten and twenty minutes.”
The man in the Death costume, Albert Turner, was arrested
and the mob turned away before reaching the Rockefeller house.
Turner was sentenced to two months in the
workhouse.
While the disturbances were taking place on West 54
th
Street, Rockefeller and his family were entrenched in their heavily-guarded
Pocantico Hills estate.
Things eventually calmed down and life returned to normal in
the house that looked rather like a hotel.
Despite his reaction to the Colorado miner strike, Rockefeller, like his
father, was a devoted Baptist.
On April
19, 1917 his Bible class and others—nearly 300 persons in all—attended a
service in the house by the Reverand Billy Sunday.
Referring to the lure of the lights and sins
of Broadway, the preacher prayed “for those who tread the ‘Gay White Way,’ and
said he hoped religion might touch their hearts and turn them to better things.”
The Rockefellers filled the mansion with an extensive art
collection.
David Rockefeller would later remember that “Mother
loved beauty wherever she found it, but Father’s taste was restricted to the
more conventional and realistic art forms.”
Unbelievably, the massive house quickly became too small for
the art collection.
The house next door
was purchased and an entrance cut through on three floors.
The extension was used to display, among other valuable artworks, ten 18
th
century Gobelin tapestries woven for Louis XIV and the early 15
th
century
French Gothic tapestry set depicting the “Hunt of the Unicorn.”
John Rockefeller, Jr. discovered the following winter that
even the Rockefeller name was not always enough to get him what he wanted.
The house was heated by a coal-powered heating
plant that serviced several other homes in the neighborhood as well.
When the plant ran out of coal in January
1918 and the temperature in his house plummeted, Rockefeller sent a requisition
to the Standard Oil Company for 36 oil stoves.
The answer he received was not what he expected.
“Supply exhausted.
Can’t get them for you or anybody else.”
The manager of the distributing station was more pointed.
“Rockefeller looks like anybody else to me,”
he told a reporter.
“If he walked in
here with an oil can he wouldn’t get it filled any quicker than the dishwasher
at that restaurant down the street.”
Unfortunately, the brutal winter with its accompanying lack
of coal and heaters resulted in the pipes bursting in the 54
th
Street mansion.
“The Rockefeller pipes
froze and burst just like ordinary pipes, and the result was precisely the same
as elsewhere.
Icicles and miniature glaciers
became prominent features of the interior decorations of the house,” reported
the
New-York Tribune
on January 6.
The family retreated, again, to Pocantico Hills where coal
was in ample supply.
Life for the Rockefeller family was apparently happy in the
big house.
On New Year’s Eve 1920
Rockefeller wrote to his father, “We spent a very happy Christmas here in New
York, with the tree up in the big nursery and great mounds of presents all
about the room for the different members of the family.”
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John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s prized collection of porcelains spilled over into a family dining room --
photo from the collection of the
Museum of the City of New York
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Nevertheless, the children were raised with the typical
Rockefeller discipline.
Nelson would
recall that he was responsible for mending his own clothes, weeding the garden
and keeping detailed accounts of his 30 cent allowance.
But by now the neighborhood was not the residential enclave
of millionaires it once had been.
David
Rockefeller wrote in his biography “Memoirs,” “With the advent of Prohibition
in the mid-1920s, nightclubs and speakeasies selling bootleg liquor also
appeared, and there were rumors that a number of brothels had opened as
well.
The neighborhood, once the
exclusive preserve of the Vanderbilts and Astors, had become seedy and
down-at-the-heels.”
John D. Rockefeller, Sr. died on May 23, 1937 just weeks
before his 100
th
birthday.
The family homes would not survive much longer.
The following year John Rockefeller, Jr.
announced plans to raze the houses as Abby Rockefeller’s vision of the Museum
of Modern Art took form.
Twenty-five years after it was constructed, the towering
John D. Rockefeller, Jr. house was demolished to make way for the sculpture
garden of the museum.
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photo by Alice Lum
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