State of Australia
State in Australia
Western Australia
(commonly abbreviated as
WA
) is a
state of Australia
occupying the western third of the land area of Australia, excluding external territories.
[5]
It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the
Southern Ocean
to the south, the
Northern Territory
to the north-east, and
South Australia
to the south-east. With a total land area of 2,527,013 square kilometres (975,685 sq mi),
[5]
Western Australia is Australia's largest state as well as the
second-largest subdivision
of any country on Earth, surpassed only by the
Sakha Republic
in eastern Russia. As of 2021,
[update]
the state has 2.91 million inhabitants?11 percent of the national total.
[6]
The vast majority (92 percent) live in the
south-west corner
; 79 percent of the population lives in the
Perth
area,
[7]
leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated.
The first Europeans to visit Western Australia belonged to the Dutch
Dirk Hartog
expedition, who visited the Western Australian coast in 1616. The first permanent European colony in what is today Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major
Edmund Lockyer
on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the
New South Wales
colonial government.
[8]
Lockyer established a convict-supported military garrison at
King George III Sound
, at present-day
Albany
, and on 21 January 1827
[8]
he formally took possession for the British Crown of the western part of the continent that was not already claimed by the Crown.
[9]
This was followed by the establishment of the
Swan River Colony
in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital,
Perth
.
York
was the first inland settlement in Western Australia. Situated 97 kilometres (60 miles) east of Perth, it was settled on 16 September 1831.
[10]
Western Australia achieved
responsible government
in 1890 and
federated
with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901.
Today, Western Australia's
economy
mainly relies on mining, oil and gas, services and construction. The state produces 46 percent of Australia's exports.
[11]
Western Australia is the largest iron ore producer in the world.
[12]
Its nickname is "The Wildflower State".
[13]
History
[
edit
]
Western Australia has a geological history dating back to 4.4 billion years ago when
Hadean zircons
were formed. The earliest direct known life on land, known as
stromatolites
, started to be created by microbes at around 3.48 billion years ago.
The first human inhabitants of Australia arrived from the north "over 50,000 years ago and possibly as much as 70,000 years ago".
[14]
: 5
Over thousands of years they eventually spread across the whole landmass. These
Indigenous Australians
were long established throughout Western Australia by the time European explorers began to arrive in the early 17th century.
The first Europeans to visit Western Australia were those of the Dutch
Dirk Hartog
expedition, who on 25 October 1616 landed at what is now known as Cape Inscription,
Dirk Hartog Island
. For the rest of the 17th century,
other Dutch and British navigators
encountered the coast of what
Abel Tasman
named
New Holland
in 1644, usually unintentionally as demonstrated by the many shipwrecks along the coast of ships that deviated from the
Brouwer Route
(because of poor navigation and storms).
[16]
By the late 18th century, British and French sailors had begun to explore the Western Australian coast. The
Baudin expedition
of 1800?03 included the coast of Western Australia and resulted in the
Freycinet Map of 1811
, the first published map featuring the full outline of Australia. The name New Holland remained in popular and semi-official use until at least the mid-1850s; that is, it was in use for about 206 years in comparison to the name Australia which to date has been in use for about 195 years.
[17]
: 11
The origins of the present state began with the establishment by Lockyer
[8]
of a convict-supported settlement from
New South Wales
at
King George III Sound
. The settlement was formally annexed on 21 January 1827 by Lockyer when he commanded the
Union Jack
be raised and a
feu de joie
fired by the troops. The settlement was founded in response to British concerns about the possibility of a French colony being established on the coast of Western Australia.
[8]
On 7 March 1831 it was transferred to the control of the Swan River Colony,
[10]
and named
Albany
in 1832.
In 1829 the
Swan River Colony
was established on the Swan River by Captain
James Stirling
. By 1832, the British settler population of the colony had reached around 1,500, and the official name of the colony was changed to Western Australia on 6 February that year.
[20]
[21]
The two separate townsites of the colony developed slowly into the port city of
Fremantle
and the state's capital,
Perth
.
York
was the first inland settlement in Western Australia, situated 97 kilometres (60 mi) east of Perth and settled on 16 September 1831. York was the staging point for early explorers who discovered the rich gold reserves of Kalgoorlie.
Population growth was very slow until significant discoveries of gold were made in the 1890s around
Kalgoorlie
.
In 1887, a new constitution was drafted, providing for the right of self-governance of European Australians, and in 1890, the act granting
self-government
to the colony was passed by the
British Parliament
.
John Forrest
became the first
Premier of Western Australia
.
In 1896, after discoveries of gold at
Coolgardie
and
Kalgoorlie
, the
Western Australian Parliament
authorised the raising of a loan to construct a
pipeline
to transport 23 megalitres (5 million imperial gallons) of water per day to the burgeoning population on the goldfields. The pipeline, known as the
Goldfields Water Supply Scheme
, was completed in 1903.
C. Y.
O'Connor
, Western Australia's first engineer-in-chief, designed and oversaw the construction of the pipeline. It carries water 530 km (330 mi) from Perth to
Kalgoorlie
, and is attributed by historians as an important factor driving the state's population and economic growth.
[22]
Following a campaign led by Forrest, electors of the colony of Western Australia voted in favour of
federation
with the five other Australian colonies, resulting in Western Australia officially becoming a state on 1 January 1901.
[23]
Geography
[
edit
]
Western Australia is bounded to the east by longitude 129°E, the meridian 129 degrees east of Greenwich, which defines the border with South Australia and the
Northern Territory
, and bounded by the Indian Ocean to the west and north. The
International Hydrographic Organization
(IHO) designates the
body of water south of the continent
as part of the Indian Ocean; in Australia it is officially gazetted as the
Southern Ocean
.
[b]
[24]
[25]
The total length of the
state's eastern border
is 1,862 km (1,157 mi).
[26]
There are 20,781 km (12,913 mi) of coastline, including 7,892 km (4,904 mi) of island coastline.
[27]
The total land area occupied by the state is 2.5 million km
2
(970 thousand sq mi).
[28]
Geology
[
edit
]
The bulk of Western Australia consists of the extremely old
Yilgarn craton
and
Pilbara craton
which merged with the
Deccan Plateau
of India,
Madagascar
and the
Kaapvaal
and
Zimbabwe
cratons of Southern Africa, in the
Archean
Eon to form
Ur
, one of the oldest
supercontinents
on Earth (3 ? 3.2 billion years ago). In May 2017, evidence of the
earliest known life
on land
may have been found in 3.48-billion-year-old
geyserite
and other related mineral deposits (often found around
hot springs
and
geysers
) uncovered in the Pilbara craton.
[29]
[30]
Because the only
mountain-building
since then has been of the
Stirling Range
with the rifting from
Antarctica
, the land is extremely eroded and ancient, with no part of the state above 1,249 metres (4,098 ft)
AHD
(at
Mount Meharry
in the
Hamersley Range
of the
Pilbara
region). Most of the state is a low plateau with an average elevation of about 400 metres (1,200 ft), very low relief, and no
surface runoff
. This descends relatively sharply to the coastal plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment (as with the Darling Range/
Darling Scarp
near Perth).
The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile and frequently
laterised
. Even soils derived from
granitic
bedrock
contain an order of magnitude less available
phosphorus
and only half as much
nitrogen
as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or
ironstone
are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and deficient in
zinc
, copper,
molybdenum
and sometimes
potassium
and
calcium
.
The infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of fertilisers. These have resulted in damage to
invertebrate
and bacterial populations.
[
citation needed
]
The grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in
compaction of soils
and great damage to the fragile soils.
Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora and fauna. As a result, the
South West region
of the state has a higher concentration of rare, threatened or endangered flora and fauna than many areas of Australia, making it one of the world's biodiversity "hot spots". Large areas of the state's wheatbelt region have problems with
dryland salinity
and the loss of fresh water.
Climate
[
edit
]
The
southwest coastal area
has a
Mediterranean climate
. It was originally heavily forested, including large stands of
karri
, one of the
tallest trees
in the world.
[31]
This agricultural region is one of the nine most bio-diverse terrestrial habitats, with a higher proportion of
endemic species
than most other equivalent regions. Thanks to the offshore
Leeuwin Current
, the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly
coral reefs
in the world.
Average annual rainfall varies from 300 millimetres (12 in) at the edge of the
Wheatbelt
region to 1,400 millimetres (55 in) in the wettest areas near
Northcliffe
, but from November to March, evaporation exceeds rainfall, and it is generally very dry. Plants are adapted to this as well as the extreme poverty of all soils.
The central two-thirds of the state is
arid
and sparsely inhabited. The only significant economic activity is mining. Annual rainfall averages less than 300 millimetres (8?10 in), most of which occurs in sporadic torrential falls related to cyclone events in summer.
[32]
An exception to this is the northern tropical regions. The
Kimberley
has an extremely hot
monsoonal climate
with average annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 1,500 millimetres (20?60 in), but there is a very long almost rainless season from April to November. Eighty-five percent of the state's
runoff
occurs in the Kimberley, but because it occurs in violent floods and because of the insurmountable poverty of the generally shallow soils, the only development has taken place along the
Ord River
.
Snow is rare in the state and typically occurs only in the
Stirling Range
near
Albany
, as it is the only mountain range far enough south and sufficiently elevated. More rarely, snow can fall on the nearby
Porongurup Range
. Snow outside these areas is a major event; it usually occurs in hilly areas of southwestern Australia. The most widespread low-level snow occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported in the
Perth Hills
, as far north as
Wongan Hills
and as far east as
Salmon Gums
. However, even in the Stirling Range, snowfalls rarely exceed 5 cm (2 in) and rarely settle for more than one day.
[33]
The highest observed temperature of 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) was recorded in
Onslow
on 13 January 2022.
[34]
The lowest temperature recorded was ?7.2 °C (19.0 °F) at
Eyre Bird Observatory
on 17 August 2008.
[35]
The
south geomagnetic pole
is currently tilted 10 degrees away from the
South Pole
towards Western Australia, allowing for
aurora australis
displays as far north as
Geraldton
.
[36]
Climate data for Western Australia
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
50.7
(123.3)
|
50.5
(122.9)
|
48.1
(118.6)
|
45.0
(113.0)
|
40.6
(105.1)
|
37.8
(100.0)
|
38.3
(100.9)
|
41.2
(106.2)
|
43.1
(109.6)
|
46.9
(116.4)
|
48.0
(118.4)
|
49.8
(121.6)
|
50.7
(123.3)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
0.9
(33.6)
|
0.5
(32.9)
|
?0.8
(30.6)
|
?2.2
(28.0)
|
?5.6
(21.9)
|
?6.0
(21.2)
|
?6.7
(19.9)
|
?7.2
(19.0)
|
?5.1
(22.8)
|
?5.0
(23.0)
|
?2.1
(28.2)
|
0.0
(32.0)
|
?7.2
(19.0)
|
Source 1:
Bureau of Meteorology
[37]
|
Source 2:
[34]
|
Flora and fauna
[
edit
]
Western Australia is home to around
630 species of birds
(depending on the taxonomy used). Of these around 15 are
endemic
to the state. The best areas for birds are the southwestern corner of the state and the area around Broome and the Kimberley.
The
Flora of Western Australia
comprises 10,162 published native
vascular plant
species, along with a further 1,196 species currently recognised but unpublished. They occur within 1,543
genera
from 211
families
; there are also 1,276 naturalised alien or
invasive plant
species, more commonly known as weeds.
[38]
[39]
In the southwest region are some of the largest numbers of plant species for its area in the world.
Western Australia's
ecoregions
include the sandstone gorges of
the Kimberley
on the northern coast, and below that the drier
Victoria Plains tropical savanna
inland, and the semi-desert
Pilbara shrublands
,
Carnarvon xeric shrublands
, and
Western Australian mulga shrublands
to the southwest. Southwards along the coast are the
Southwest Australia savanna
and the
Swan Coastal Plain
around Perth, with the
jarrah-karri forest and shrublands
on the southwest corner of the coast around the
Margaret River
wine-growing area. Going east along the Southern Ocean coast is the
Goldfields-Esperance
region, including the
Esperance mallee
and the
Coolgardie woodlands
inland around town of
Coolgardie
. Deserts occupy the interior, including the
Great Sandy-Tanami desert
,
Gibson Desert
,
Great Victoria Desert
, and
Nullarbor Plain
.
In 1831 Scottish botanist
Robert Brown
produced a scientific paper,
General view of the botany of the vicinity of Swan River
. It discusses the vegetation of the
Swan River Colony
.
[40]
Demographics
[
edit
]
Europeans began to settle permanently in 1826 when
Albany
was claimed by Britain to forestall French claims to the western third of the continent. Perth was founded as the
Swan River Colony
in 1829 by British and Irish settlers, though the outpost languished. Its officials eventually requested
convict
labour to augment its population. In the 1890s, interstate immigration, resulting from a mining boom in the
Goldfields region
, resulted in a sharp population increase.
Western Australia did not receive significant flows of
immigrants
from Britain, Ireland or elsewhere in the
British Empire
until the early 20th century. At that time, its local projects?such as the
Group Settlement Scheme
of the 1920s, which encouraged farmers to settle the southwest?increased awareness of Australia's western third as a destination for colonists.
Led by immigrants from the British Isles, Western Australia's population developed at a faster rate during the twentieth century than it had previously. After
World War II
, both the eastern states and Western Australia received large numbers of
Italians
,
Croatians
and
Macedonians
. Despite this, Britain has contributed the greatest number of immigrants to this day. Western Australia?particularly Perth?has the highest proportion of British-born of any state: 10.3% in 2011, compared to a national average of 5.1%. This group is heavily concentrated in certain parts, where they account for a quarter of the population.
[41]
Perth's metropolitan area (including
Mandurah
) had an estimated population of 2,043,138
[7]
in June 2017 (79% of the state). Other significant population centres include
Bunbury
(73,989),
[42]
Geraldton
(37,961),
[42]
Kalgoorlie-Boulder
(30,420),
[42]
Albany
(33,998),
[42]
Karratha
(16,446),
[42]
Broome
(14,501)
[42]
and
Port Hedland
(14,285).
[42]
Ancestry and immigration
[
edit
]
Country of birth (2016)
[43]
[44]
Birthplace
[N 1]
|
Population
|
Australia
|
1,492,842
|
England
|
194,163
|
New Zealand
|
79,221
|
India
|
49,385
|
South Africa
|
41,008
|
Philippines
|
30,835
|
Malaysia
|
29,126
|
Mainland China
|
27,126
|
Scotland
|
26,063
|
Italy
|
19,210
|
At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:
[N 2]
[43]
[44]
3.1% of the population, or 75,978 people, identified as
Indigenous Australians
(
Aboriginal Australians
and
Torres Strait Islanders
) in 2016.
[N 5]
[43]
[44]
Language
[
edit
]
At the 2016 census, 75.2% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being
Mandarin
(1.9%), Italian (1.2%),
Vietnamese
(0.8%),
Cantonese
(0.8%) and
Tagalog
(0.6%).
[43]
[44]
Religion
[
edit
]
According to the 2021 census,
Christianity
is the major religious affiliation in WA, followed by 41.1% of its population. In 1971, Christianity was followed by 85.5% of the population and it has been declining since, while the percentage of people who identified as having no religious affiliation has increased from 8.7% in 1971 to 42.9% in 2021.
A small minority of the population are
Muslims
(2.5%),
Buddhists
(2.2%) and
Hindus
(2.0%).
[46]
[47]
[44]
Economy
[
edit
]
Western Australia's economy is largely driven by extraction and processing of a diverse range of mineral and petroleum commodities. The structure of the economy is closely linked to these natural resources, providing a comparative advantage in resource extraction and processing. As a consequence:
- Western Australia contributes an estimated 58% of Australia's Mineral and Energy Exports,
[48]
potentially earning up to 4.64% of Australia's total GDP.
[49]
- Gross state product
per person ($97,940 in 2017?18) is higher than any other state and well above the national average ($73,267).
[50]
- Diversification (i.e. a greater
range
of commodities) over the past 15 years has provided a more balanced production base and less reliance on just a few major export markets, insulating the economy from fluctuations in world prices to some extent.
[
citation needed
]
- Finance, insurance and property services and construction have grown steadily and have increased their share of economic output.
[51]
- Recent growth in global demand for minerals and petroleum, especially in China (iron-ore) and Japan (for LNG), has ensured economic growth above the national average.
In 2019 Western Australia's overseas exports accounted for 46% of the nation's total.
[11]
[52]
The state's major export commodities included iron-ore, petroleum, gold,
alumina
, nickel, wheat, copper, lithium, chemicals and mineral sands.
[53]
Western Australia is the world's largest iron-ore producer (34% of the world's total), and extracts 66% (6.9% of world production) of Australia's 324 tonnes of gold. It is a major world producer of bauxite, which is processed into alumina at four refineries providing 11% of total world production. Until 2020 diamonds were extracted from the world's largest
diamond mine
in the far north Kimberley region. Coal mined at
Collie
is the main fuel for baseload electricity generation in the state's south-west.
[53]
[54]
Agricultural production in WA is a major contributor to the state and national economy. In the period 2010?2019 wheat production in WA has averaged nearly 10 million tonnes ($2.816 billion in 2019), accounting for half the nation's total and providing $2?3 billion in export income.
[55]
[56]
Other significant farm output includes wool, beef, lamb, barley, canola, lupins, oats and pulses.
[55]
There is a high level of overseas demand for live animals from WA, driven mainly by southeast Asia's feedlots and Middle Eastern countries, where
Islamic dietary laws
and a lack of storage and refrigeration facilities favour live animals over imports of processed meat. About half of Australia's live cattle exports come from Western Australia.
[57]
Resource sector growth in recent years has resulted in significant labour and skills shortages, leading to recent efforts by the state government to encourage interstate and overseas immigration.
[58]
According to the 2006 census,
[59]
the median individual income was A$500 per week in Western Australia (compared to A$466 in Australia as a whole). The median family income was A$1246 per week (compared to A$1171 for Australia). Recent growth has also contributed to significant rises in average property values in 2006, although values plateaued in 2007.
Located south of Perth, the heavy industrial area of
Kwinana
had the
nation's largest oil refinery
with a capacity of 146,000 barrels of oil per day, producing most of the state's petrol and diesel.
[60]
[61]
[62]
Kwinana also hosts alumina and nickel processing plants, port facilities for grain and other bulk exports, and support industries for mining and petroleum such as heavy and light engineering, and metal fabrication. Shipbuilding (e.g.
Austal
) and associated support industries are found at nearby
Henderson
, just north of Kwinana. Significant secondary industries include cement and building product manufacturing, flour milling, food processing, animal feed production, automotive body building and printing.
Western Australia has a significant fishing industry. Products for local consumption and export include
western rock lobsters
, prawns, crabs, shark and tuna, as well as pearl fishing in the
Kimberley
region of the state. Processing is conducted along the west coast.
Whaling
was a key marine industry but ceased at Albany in 1978.
Western Australia has the world's biggest plantations of both
Indian sandalwood
(northern WA)
[63]
and
Australian sandalwood
(semi-arid regions), which are used to produce
sandalwood oil
and
incense
.
[64]
The WA
sandalwood
industry provides about 40% of the international sandalwood oil market.
[65]
Tourism
[
edit
]
In recent years, tourism has grown in importance, with significant numbers of visitors to the state coming from the UK and Ireland (28%), other European countries (14%) Singapore (16%), Japan (10%) and Malaysia (8%).
[56]
Revenue from tourism is a strong economic driver in many of the smaller population centres outside of Perth, especially in coastal locations.
Tourism forms a major part of the Western Australian economy with 833,100 international visitors making up 12.8% of the total international tourism to Australia in the year ending March 2015. The top three source markets include the United Kingdom (17%), Singapore (10%), and New Zealand (10%) with the majority of purpose for visitation being holiday/vacation reasons.
[66]
The tourism industry contributes $9.3 billion to the Western Australian economy and supports 94,000 jobs within the state. Both directly and indirectly, the industry makes up 3.2% of the state's economy whilst comparatively, WA's largest revenue source, the mining sector, brings in 31%.
[67]
Tourism WA is the government agency responsible for promoting Western Australia as a holiday destination.
[68]
Government
[
edit
]
Western Australia was granted self-government in 1890
[69]
with a bicameral
Parliament
located in Perth, consisting of the
Legislative Assembly
(or
lower house
), which has 59 members; and the
Legislative Council
(or
upper house
), which has 36 members. Suffrage is universal and compulsory for citizens over 18 years of age.
With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Western Australia became a state within Australia's
federal
structure; this involved ceding certain powers to the Commonwealth (or Federal) government in accordance with the Constitution; all powers not specifically granted to the Commonwealth remained solely with the State. However over time the Commonwealth has effectively expanded its powers through broad interpretation of its enumerated powers and increasing control of taxation and financial distribution (see
Federalism in Australia
).
Whilst the sovereign of Western Australia is
the monarch of Australia
(currently
Charles III
) and executive power is nominally vested in his or her state representative, the
Governor
(currently
Chris Dawson
), executive power rests with the premier and ministers drawn from the party or coalition of parties holding a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly.
Roger Cook
is the premier, having succeeded
Mark McGowan
after his resignation in June 2023.
Secession
[
edit
]
Secessionism has been a recurring feature of Western Australia's political landscape since shortly after European settlement in 1826. Western Australia was the most reluctant participant in the
Commonwealth of Australia
.
[70]
Western Australia did not participate in the earliest federation conference. Longer-term residents of Western Australia were generally opposed to federation; however, the discovery of gold brought many immigrants from other parts of Australia. It was these residents, primarily in Kalgoorlie but also in Albany who voted to join the Commonwealth, and the proposal of these areas being admitted separately under the name
Auralia
was considered.
[
citation needed
]
In a
referendum in April 1933
, 68% of voters voted for the state to leave the Commonwealth of Australia with the aim of returning to the British Empire as an autonomous territory. The State Government sent a delegation to
Westminster
, but the British Government ruled that after the
Statute of Westminster 1931
, it no longer had the authority to amend the constitution of Australia without the consent of its federal government; the British Government took no action.
[71]
Local government
[
edit
]
Western Australia is divided into 139
Local Government Areas
, including
Christmas Island
and the
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
. Their mandate and operations are governed by the
Local Government Act 1995
.
[72]
Education
[
edit
]
Education in Western Australia consists of one year of pre-school at age 4 or 5, followed by six years of primary education for all students as of 2015.
[73]
At age 12 or 13, students begin six years of secondary education. Students are required to attend school up until they are 16 years old. Sixteen and 17 year olds are required to be enrolled in school or a training organisation, be employed or be in a combination of school/training/employment.
[74]
Students have the option to study at a
TAFE
college after Year 10,
[75]
or continue through to Year 12 with vocational courses or a university entrance courses.
[76]
There are five universities in Western Australia. They consist of four
Perth
-based
public universities
, being the
University of Western Australia
,
Curtin University
,
Edith Cowan University
and
Murdoch University
; and one
Fremantle
-based
private Roman Catholic university
, the
University of Notre Dame Australia
. The
University of Notre Dame
is also one of only two
private universities
in Australia, along with
Bond University
, a not-for-profit private education provider based in
Gold Coast, Queensland
.
Media
[
edit
]
Print
[
edit
]
Western Australia has two daily newspapers: the
Seven West Media
-owned tabloid
The West Australian
and the
Kalgoorlie Miner
. Also published is one weekend paper,
The Weekend West
, and one Sunday tabloid newspaper, which is also owned by Seven West Media after purchase from
News Corporation's
The Sunday Times
. There are also 17 weekly
community newspapers
with distribution from
Yanchep
in the north to
Mandurah
in the south. There are two major weekly rural papers in the state,
Countryman
and the
Australian Community Media
-owned
Farm Weekly
. The national broadsheet publication
The Australian
is also available, although with sales per capita lagging far behind those in other states.
WAtoday
is an online newspaper owned by
Nine Entertainment
, focusing its coverage on Perth and Western Australia.
Television
[
edit
]
Metropolitan Perth has five broadcast television stations;
- ABC TV
WA. (Callsign:
ABW
? Channel 12 Digital)
- SBS
WA. (Callsign:
SBS
? was on Channel 29 Digital ? now Channel 7 Digital since the 2013 retune)
- Seven Network
Perth. (Callsign:
TVW
? Channel 6 Digital)
- Nine Network
Perth. (Callsign:
STW
? Channel 8 Digital)
- Network Ten
Perth. (Callsign:
NEW
? Channel 11 Digital)
- Perth formerly had
West TV
, a free-to-air community television channel that began broadcasting in April 2010 and ceased broadcasting in February 2020. It replaced
Access 31
, which ceased broadcasting in August 2008.
Regional WA has a similar availability of stations as Perth. Geographically, it is one of the largest television markets in the world, including almost one-third of the continent.
- Golden West Network (GWN7)
. Owned by
Seven West Media
. (Callsigns: SSW South West, VEW Goldfields/Esperance, GTW Central West, WAW remote areas)
- WIN Television WA
. Affiliated with Nine (Callsign: WOW)
- West Digital Television
. Affiliated with Ten (Callsigns: SDW South West, VDW Goldfields/Esperance, GDW Central West, WDW remote areas)
- Regional WA used to have
Westlink
. An open-narrowcast community-based television channel that was only on satellite until Westlink's discontinuation in 2018. (Satellite only)
In addition, broadcasters operate digital multichannels:
Pay TV services are provided by
Foxtel
, which acquired many of the assets and all the remaining subscribers of the insolvent
Galaxy Television
satellite service in 1998. Some metropolitan suburbs are serviced by Pay TV via cable; however, most of the metropolitan and rural areas can only access Pay TV via satellite.
Radio
[
edit
]
Perth has many radio stations on both AM and FM frequencies. ABC stations include
ABC NewsRadio
(6PB 585 AM),
ABC Radio Perth
(6WF 720 AM),
Radio National
(6RN 810 AM),
ABC Classic FM
(6ABC 97.7FM) and
Triple J
(6JJJ 99.3FM). The six commercial stations are:
Triple M
(6PPM),
Nova 93.7
(6PER),
Mix 94.5
(6MIX),
96FM
(6NOW) and AM 882 (6PR), AM 1080 (
6iX
) and AM 1116 (6MM)
The leading
community radio
stations are
Curtin FM
100.1,
6RTR
FM 92.1, Sonshine FM 98.5 (6SON) and
91.3 SportFM
(6WSM).
Culture
[
edit
]
Arts and entertainment
[
edit
]
Western Australia is home to one of the country's leading performance training institutions, the acclaimed
Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts
(WAAPA), as well as a burgeoning theatrical and musical scene. Notable musicians and bands to have been born in or lived in Western Australia include
Adam Brand
,
Ammonia
,
Karnivool
,
Birds of Tokyo
,
Bon Scott
,
Eskimo Joe
,
Johnny Young
,
Gyroscope
, the
John Butler Trio
,
Tame Impala
,
Kevin Mitchell
,
Tim Minchin
,
Troye Sivan
,
the Kill Devil Hills
,
Pendulum
,
the Pigram Brothers
,
Rolf Harris
,
Stella Donnelly
and
the Triffids
. The
West Australian Music Industry Awards
(WAMis) have been awarded every year to the leading musicians and performers in WA since 2001.
Notable actors and television personalities from Western Australia include
Heath Ledger
,
Sam Worthington
,
Ernie Dingo
,
Jessica Marais
,
Megan Gale
,
Rove McManus
,
Isla Fisher
, and
Melissa George
. Films and television series filmed or partly filmed in Western Australia include
Rabbit-Proof Fence
,
The Heights
,
Mystery Road
,
These Final Hours
,
Cloudstreet
,
Jasper Jones
,
Australia
,
Bran Nu Dae
,
Red Dog
,
ABBA: the Movie
and
Last Train to Freo
.
Noted Western Australian Indigenous painters and artisans include
Jack Dale Mengenen
,
Paddy Bedford
,
Queenie McKenzie
, and siblings
Nyuju Stumpy Brown
and
Rover Thomas
.
[77]
The
West Australian Symphony Orchestra
(WASO) is based at the
Perth Concert Hall
. Other concert, performance and indoor sporting venues in Western Australia include
His Majesty's Theatre
, the
State Theatre Centre of Western Australia
, the
Crown Theatre
and
Perth Arena
, which opened in 2012. Performing arts companies based in Perth include the
West Australian Ballet
, the
West Australian Opera
, the
Black Swan State Theatre Company
and the
Perth Theatre Company
.
Western Australia has served as the setting for a number of works of
Australian literature
. Prominent authors include
Katharine Susannah Prichard
,
Randolph Stow
,
Tim Winton
,
Kim Scott
,
Sally Morgan
,
Joan London
,
Mary Durack
and
Craig Silvey
.
The public
Art Gallery of Western Australia
is part of the
Perth Cultural Centre
. Founded in 1895, it houses the State Art Collection, comprising works from local and international artists, dating back to the 1800s.
[78]
The
Perth Cultural Centre
is also home to the
Western Australian Museum
,
State Library of Western Australia
,
State Records Office
, and
Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts
(PICA). Western Australia has a
public library system
, with
libraries in every local government area
(although some public libraries are shared school libraries).
Sport
[
edit
]
A number of national or international sporting teams and events are based in the state, including:
International sporting events hosted in the past in Western Australia include the
Tom Hoad Cup
(water polo), the
Perth International
(golf), the 2006
Gravity Games
(
extreme sports
), the 2002
Women's Hockey World Cup
, the 1991
FINA World Aquatics Championships
, the
World Rally Championships
and the
1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
.
Western Australia's largest sports stadium is
Perth Stadium
, also known by naming rights sponsorship as Optus Stadium. It has a capacity of over 60,000 people and is primarily used for Australian rules football and cricket.
Wine
[
edit
]
Winemaking regions are concentrated in the cooler climate of the
south-western portion
of the state. Western Australia produces less than 5% of the country's wine output, but in quality terms is considered to be very much near the top.
[79]
[80]
[81]
[82]
Major wine producing regions include:
Margaret River
,
The Great Southern
,
Swan Valley
as well as smaller districts including
Blackwood Valley
,
Manjimup
,
Pemberton
,
Peel
, Chittering Valley,
Perth Hills
, and
Geographe
.
[83]
Sister states
[
edit
]
Western Australia has five sister states:
[84]
In 1981, a
sister state
agreement was drawn up between Western Australia and
Hy?go Prefecture
in Japan that was aimed at improving cultural ties between the two states.
[85]
[86]
To commemorate the 10th anniversary of this agreement, the Hy?go Prefectural Government Cultural Centre was established in Perth in 1992.
[87]
Prior to that, the Western Australian government opened an office in
Kobe
, the largest city in Hy?go, to facilitate maintenance of the relationship in 1989.
[86]
[88]
Following the
Great Hanshin earthquake
that devastated southern Hy?go in January 1995, Western Australian groups and businesses raised funds and provided materials, whilst individuals travelled to Hy?go to help with emergency relief and the subsequent reconstruction process.
[89]
[90]
[91]
The two governments signed a
memorandum of understanding
on the 20th anniversary in 2001 that aimed to improve the economic relationship between the two states.
[86]
Further to the sister state relationship, the
City of Rockingham
in Western Australia and the
City of Ak?
in Hy?go signed a sister city agreement in 1997. It is one of nine sister city relationships between Western Australian and Japanese cities.
[92]
See also
[
edit
]
Lists
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England,
Scotland
,
Mainland China
and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and
Macau
are listed separately
- ^
As a percentage of 2,286,107 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census.
- ^
The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the
Anglo-Celtic
group.
[45]
- ^
Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as
Aboriginal Australians
or
Torres Strait Islanders
. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
- ^
Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as
Aboriginal Australians
or
Torres Strait Islanders
. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
a
"West Australia" and its related demonym "West Australian" are occasionally used, including in the names of the main daily newspaper,
The West Australian
, and the state-based
West Australian Football League
, but are rarely used in an official sense. The terms "
Westralia
" and "Westralian" were regularly used in the 19th and 20th century.
[93]
[94]
The terms are still found in the names of certain companies and buildings, e.g. Westralia House in Perth, the
skyscraper
Westralia Square on
St Georges Terrace
, and Westralia Airports Corporation, which operates
Perth Airport
, as well as in the names of several ships.
[95]
[96]
b
In Australia, the
body of water south of the continent
is officially gazetted as the
Southern Ocean
, whereas the
International Hydrographic Organization
(IHO) designates it as part of the Indian Ocean.
[24]
[97]
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14 April
2016
.
- ^
"Memorial service pays tribute to Japanese earthquake victims"
. City of Perth. January 2016. Archived from
the original
on 8 May 2016
. Retrieved
14 April
2016
.
- ^
"Hansard, Western Australian Legislative Assembly"
. Parliament of Western Australia. 21 October 1997. Archived from
the original
on 22 April 2016
. Retrieved
14 April
2016
.
- ^
"WA-Japan Sister City Relationships"
. Government of Western Australia
. Retrieved
14 April
2016
.
- ^
"SLWA Online Catalogue /Entire Sta"
.
Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au
. Archived from
the original
on 9 November 2011
. Retrieved
2 November
2012
.
- ^
"Search results for 'westralia' ? Trove"
.
Trove.nla.gov.au
. Retrieved
16 September
2015
.
- ^
"SLWA Online Catalogue /Entire Sta"
.
Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au
. Archived from
the original
on 9 November 2011
. Retrieved
2 November
2012
.
- ^
"SLWA Online Catalogue /Entire Sta"
.
Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au
. Archived from
the original
on 9 November 2011
. Retrieved
2 November
2012
.
- ^
"Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean"
.
Theage.com.au
. 22 December 2003
. Retrieved
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.
Further reading
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External links
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