Country in the Caribbean
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
(
GREH
-n?-
DEENZ
) is an
island country
in the eastern
Caribbean
. It is located in the southeast
Windward Islands
of the
Lesser Antilles
, which lie in the
West Indies
, at the southern end of the eastern border of the
Caribbean Sea
, where the latter meets the Atlantic Ocean.
Its 369 km
2
(142 sq mi) territory consists of the main island of
Saint Vincent
and, south of that, two-thirds of the northern part of the
Grenadines
, a chain of 32 smaller islands. Some of the Grenadines are inhabited?
Bequia
,
Mustique
,
Union Island
,
Canouan
,
Petit Saint Vincent
,
Palm Island
,
Mayreau
,
Young Island
?while others are not:
Tobago Cays
,
Baliceaux
,
Battowia
,
Quatre
,
Petite Mustique
,
Savan
and
Petit Nevis
. Most of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines lies within the
Hurricane Alley
.
To the north of Saint Vincent lies
Saint Lucia
, to the east is
Barbados
, and
Grenada
lies to the south. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has a population density of over 300 inhabitants/km
2
(700 per sq mi), with an estimated population of 110,872.
[6]
Kingstown
is the capital and main port. Saint Vincent has a
British colonial
history, and is now part of the
Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
,
CARICOM
, the
Commonwealth of Nations
, the
Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas
, and the
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
(CELAC).
In April 2021, the
La Soufriere
volcano
erupted
several times with "explosive events" continuing. By 12 April, 16,000 residents had evacuated the area.
[7]
[8]
Assistance and emergency financial support was being provided by several nearby islands, the
United Kingdom
, and agencies such as the
United Nations
. The first significant offer of long-term funding, of US$20 million, was announced on 13 April 2021 by the
World Bank
.
[9]
Etymology
[
edit
]
Christopher Columbus
, the first European to reach the island, named it after
St. Vincent of Saragossa
(
San Vicente de Zaragoza
) whose
feast day
was on the day Columbus first saw it (22 January 1498). The name of the Grenadines refers to the Spanish city of
Granada
, but to differentiate it from
the island of the same name
, the diminutive was used. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the
Kalinago
natives who inhabited the island of St. Vincent called it Youloumain, in honour of Youlouca, the spirit of the rainbows, who they believed inhabited the island.
[10]
[11]
History
[
edit
]
Pre-colonial period
[
edit
]
Before the arrival of Europeans and Africans in the 16th century, various
Amerindian
groups passed through or settled on St. Vincent and the Grenadines, including the
Ciboney
,
Arawak
, and
Kalinago
people.
[11]
[12]
The island now known as Saint Vincent was originally named Youloumain
[13]
by the native
Island Caribs
who called themselves Kalina.
European arrival and early colonial period
[
edit
]
It is thought that
Christopher Columbus
sighted the island in 1498, giving it the name St Vincent.
[10]
The
Kalinago
people aggressively opposed European settlement on Saint Vincent.
[14]
[11]
French and British colonisation and First Carib War
[
edit
]
Various attempts by the English and Dutch to claim the island proved unsuccessful, and it was the French who were first able to colonise the island, settling in the town of
Barrouallie
on the
leeward
side of St Vincent in 1719.
[14]
The French imported Black slaves to work on plantations producing sugar, coffee, indigo, tobacco, cotton and cocoa.
[15]
The British captured the island and drove out the French from Barrouallie during the
Seven Years' War
, a claim confirmed by the
Treaty of Paris (1763)
.
[14]
On taking control of the island in 1763, the British laid the foundations of
Fort Charlotte
and also continued the importation of slaves to work on the island's plantations. The
Garifuna
, an Afro-Indigenous creole people on the island, were opposed to the British presence and entered into open conflict against the British, starting the
First Carib War
, which lasted from 1772 to 1773.
[14]
During the
Anglo-French War (1778?1783)
, the French
recaptured St Vincent
in 1779. However, the British regained control under the
Treaty of Versailles (1783)
.
[14]
[11]
British colonial period and Second Carib War
[
edit
]
The uneasy peace between the British and the Garifuna led to the
Second Carib War
, which lasted from 1795 to 1797.
[14]
The Garifuna were led by paramount chief
Joseph Chatoyer
and supported by the French, notably
Victor Hugues
who was based on the island of
Martinique
. They were eventually defeated in 1797 by British forces under the command Sir
Ralph Abercromby
; a peace treaty agreement was made which resulted in almost 5,000 Garifuna being deported to
Roatan
, an island off the coast of
Honduras
, and to
Belize
and
Baliceaux
in the Grenadines.
[11]
In 1806, the construction of Fort Charlotte was completed.
[16]
The
La Soufriere
volcano erupted in 1812, resulting in considerable destruction.
[17]
[11]
The British
abolished
slavery in Saint Vincent (as well as in all other
British West Indies
colonies) in 1834, and an apprenticeship period followed which ended in 1838.
[11]
[14]
After its end, labour shortages on the plantations resulted, and were initially addressed by the immigration of indentured servants; in the late 1840s, many Portuguese immigrants arrived from
Madeira
, and between 1861 and 1888 shiploads of Indian labourers arrived.
[14]
20th century
[
edit
]
In 1902, the
La Soufriere
volcano erupted again, killing 1,500?2,000 people; much farmland was damaged, and the economy deteriorated.
[11]
[14]
[17]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passed through various stages of colonial status under the British. A representative assembly was authorised in 1776, Crown Colony government was installed in 1877, a
legislative council
was created in 1925 with a limited franchise,
[14]
and
universal adult suffrage
was granted in 1951.
[14]
During the period of its control of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Britain made several attempts to unify the island with the other Windward Islands as a single entity, to simplify British control in the sub-region through a single unified administration.
[14]
In the 1960s, the British again tried to unify all of its regional islands, including Saint Vincent, into a single politically unified entity under British control. The unification was to be called the
West Indies Federation
and was driven by a desire to gain independence from the British government. However, the attempt collapsed in 1962.
[14]
Saint Vincent was granted "associate statehood" status by Britain on 27 October 1969.
[14]
This gave Saint Vincent complete control over its internal affairs but fell short of full independence in law.
[
citation needed
]
In April 1979,
La Soufriere
erupted once more. Although no one was killed, thousands were evacuated and extensive agricultural damage occurred.
[17]
On 27 October 1979, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gained full independence;
[14]
[11]
the date is now the country's
Independence Day
, a
public holiday
.
[10]
The country opted to remain within the
Commonwealth of Nations
, retaining the then-Queen
Elizabeth II
as
Monarch
, represented locally by a
Governor-General
.
[18]
Post-independence era
[
edit
]
Milton Cato
of the centre-left
Saint Vincent Labour Party
(SVLP) was the country's first Prime Minister (he had been Premier since 1974), ruling until his defeat in the
1984 Vincentian general election
by
James Fitz-Allen Mitchell
of the centre-right
New Democratic Party
(NDP).
[14]
During Cato's time in office, there was a brief rebellion on
Union Island
in December 1979 led by
Lennox 'Bumba' Charles
. Inspired by the recent revolution on Grenada, Charles alleged neglect of the Union by the central government. However, the revolt was swiftly put down and Charles was arrested.
[19]
[20]
There were also a series of strikes in the early 1980s.
[11]
James Mitchell remained Prime Minister for 16 years until 2000, winning three consecutive
elections
.
[14]
Mitchell was at the forefront of attempts to improve regional integration.
[11]
In
1980
and 1987, hurricanes damaged many banana and coconut plantations. Hurricane seasons were also very active in 1998 and 1999, with
Hurricane Lenny
in 1999 causing extensive damage to the west coast of the island.
[
citation needed
]
In 2000,
Arnhim Eustace
became Prime Minister after taking over the leadership of the NDP following Mitchell's retirement; he was
defeated
a year later by
Ralph Gonsalves
of the
Unity Labour Party
(successor party to the SVLP).
[21]
[14]
Gonsalves?a left-winger known in the country as "Comrade Ralph"
[22]
[23]
?argued that European nations owe Caribbean nations
reparations
for their role in the Atlantic slave trade.
[24]
Gonsalves won a second term in 2005,
[22]
a third in 2010,
[22]
and a fourth in 2015.
[25]
In 2009,
a referendum was held on a proposal to adopt a new constitution
that would make the country a
republic
, replacing Queen
Elizabeth II
as head of state with a non-executive President, a proposal supported by Prime Minister Gonsalves. A two-thirds majority was required, but the referendum was defeated 29,019 votes (55.64 per cent) to 22,493 (43.13 per cent).
[26]
[14]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was elected as a non-permanent member of the
United Nations Security Council
2020?21.
In November 2020, Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines since 2001, made history by securing the fifth consecutive victory of his
Unity Labour Party
(ULP) in general election.
[27]
In 2021, on 9 April, the
La Soufriere
volcano erupted, sending ash several miles into the atmosphere. Approximately 16,000 people were evacuated in the days leading up to the eruption.
[28]
Geography
[
edit
]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines lies to the west of
Barbados
, south of
Saint Lucia
and north of
Grenada
in the
Windward Islands
of the
Lesser Antilles
, an
island arc
of the
Caribbean Sea
. The islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines include the main island of
Saint Vincent
344 km
2
(133 sq mi) and the northern two-thirds of the
Grenadines
45 km
2
(17 sq mi), which are a chain of smaller islands stretching south from Saint Vincent to Grenada. There are 32 islands and
cays
that make up St Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG). Nine are inhabited, including the mainland St Vincent and the Grenadines islands: Young Island,
Bequia
,
Mustique
,
Canouan
,
Union Island
,
Mayreau
, Petit St Vincent and Palm Island. Prominent uninhabited islands of the Grenadines include
Petit Nevis
, used by
whalers
, and
Petit Mustique
, which was the centre of a prominent real-estate scam in the early 2000s.
[29]
The capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is
Kingstown
, Saint Vincent.
[10]
The main island of Saint Vincent measures 26 km (16 mi) long, 15 km (9.3 mi) in width and 344 km
2
(133 sq mi) in area. From the most northern to the most southern points, the Grenadine islands belonging to Saint Vincent span 60.4 km (37.5 mi), with a combined area of 45 km
2
(17 sq mi).
[30]
The island of Saint Vincent is volcanic and heavily forested and includes little level ground.
[10]
The windward side of the island is very rocky and steep, while the leeward side has more sandy beaches and bays.
[
citation needed
]
Saint Vincent's highest peak is
La Soufriere
volcano at 1,234 m (4,049 ft).
[10]
Other major mountains on St Vincent are (from north to south) Richmond Peak,
Mount Brisbane
, Colonarie Mountain,
Grand Bonhomme
, Petit Bonhomme and Mount St Andrew.
[31]
The country is home to two terrestrial
ecoregions
:
Windward Islands moist forests
and the
Lesser Antillean dry forests
.
[32]
It had a 2019
Forest Landscape Integrity Index
mean score of 6.95/10, ranking it 61st globally out of 172 countries.
[33]
Government and politics
[
edit
]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a
parliamentary democracy
and
constitutional monarchy
, with
Charles III
as
King of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
.
[10]
He does not reside in the islands and is represented as
head of state
in the country by the
Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
, currently
Susan Dougan
(since 1 August 2019).
[34]
The office of Governor-General has mostly ceremonial functions including the opening of the islands'
House of Assembly
and the appointment of various government officials. Control of the government rests with the elected
Prime Minister
and their cabinet. The current Prime Minister is
Ralph Gonsalves
, elected in 2001 as head of the
Unity Labour Party
.
[35]
The legislative branch of government is the unicameral
House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
, seating 15 elected members representing single-member
constituencies
and six appointed members known as Senators. The parliamentary term of office is five years, although the Prime Minister may call elections at any time.
[10]
The judicial branch of government is divided into district courts, the
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
and the
Privy Council of the United Kingdom
in London being the court of last resort.
[10]
Political culture
[
edit
]
The two political parties with parliamentary representation are the
New Democratic Party
(NDP) and the
Unity Labour Party
(ULP). The parliamentary opposition is made up of the largest minority stakeholder in the general elections, headed by the
Leader of the Opposition
. The current opposition leader is
Godwin Friday
.
[10]
Military
[
edit
]
Saint Vincent has no formal armed forces, although the
Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force
includes a Special Service Unit as well as a militia that has a supporting role on the island.
[36]
[37]
In 2017, Saint Vincent signed the UN
treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
.
[38]
Administrative divisions
[
edit
]
Administratively, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is divided into six
parishes
. Five parishes are on Saint Vincent, while the sixth is made up of the Grenadine islands.
Kingstown
is located in the Parish of Saint George and is the capital city and central administrative centre of the country.
[10]
LGBT rights
[
edit
]
"Acts of gross indecency", which may be defined to include
homosexual activity
, are illegal in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
[39]
Section 148 of the Criminal Code states:
Any person, who in public or private, commits an act of gross indecency with another person of the same sex, or procures or attempts to procure another person of the same sex to commit an act of gross indecency with him or her, is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for five years.
[40]
Foreign relations
[
edit
]
International and regional relationships
[
edit
]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines maintains close ties to
Canada
, the
United Kingdom
and the
US
, and cooperates with regional political and economic organisations such as the
Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
(OECS) and
CARICOM
.
[41]
The island nation's sixth embassy overseas was opened on 8 August 2019 in Taipei, Taiwan, after Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves' official visit to the
Republic of China (Taiwan)
; the other five are located in London (a High Commission as Commonwealth countries have high commissions rather than embassies in each other's countries), Washington D.C., Havana, Caracas and Brussels.
[
citation needed
]
The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty
[
edit
]
On 6 July 1994 at Sherbourne Conference Centre, St Michael, Barbados, as a representative of the Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, then (James Mitchell, who was subsequently knighted) signed the Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaties.
[41]
There were seven other signatories to the agreement on that day. The countries which were represented were Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago.
[42]
[
citation needed
]
An eighth country signed the agreement on 19 August 2016, Guyana.
[
citation needed
]
This treaty covered taxes, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas.
[41]
FATCA
[
edit
]
On 30 June 2014, St. Vincent and the Grenadines signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America with respect to Foreign Account Tax Compliance (Act) or FATCA.
[43]
According to the updated site as of 16 January 2017, on 13 May 2016 the agreement went to "In Force" status.
[
citation needed
]
International and regional bodies to which Saint Vincent and the Grenadines belong
[
edit
]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a member of the
United Nations
, the
Commonwealth of Nations
, the
Organization of American States
, and the
Association of Caribbean States
(ACS).
In September 2017, at the
72nd Session of the UN General Assembly
, the Prime Ministers of the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines called for UN action on alleged human rights abuses committed by
Indonesia
on
Western New Guinea
's
indigenous Papuans
.
[44]
In
2019
, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines became the smallest country to ever be elected to the
UN Security Council
.
Organisation of American States
[
edit
]
St Vincent and the Grenadines joined the
Organisation of American States
on 27 October 1981.
[45]
It participates in the
Summits of the Americas
and the
Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas
.
[
citation needed
]
European nations
[
edit
]
In 2013, Saint Vincent called for European nations to pay reparations for the
slave trade
.
[46]
Upon a visit in April, 2022, the British Duke and Duchess of
Edinburgh
were confronted with protesters calling for reparations for Britain's participation in the slave trade. Among the protesters was Jomo Thomas, former chair of the St. Vincent and the Grenadines National Reparations Committee, who called for reparations from the former colonial power.
[47]
[48]
Venezuela
[
edit
]
Saint Vincent protests against
Venezuela
's claim to give full effect to
Aves (Bird) Island
, which creates a Venezuelan
EEZ
/
continental shelf
extending over a large portion of the
Caribbean Sea
.
[10]
Economy
[
edit
]
Agriculture, dominated by
banana
production, is the most important sector of this lower-middle-income economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing tourist industry, is also important. The government has been relatively unsuccessful at introducing new industries, and the
unemployment rate
remains high at 19.8% in the 1991 census
[49]
to 15% in 2001.
[50]
The continuing dependence on a single crop represents the biggest obstacle to the islands' development as tropical storms wiped out substantial portions of bananas in many years.
[
citation needed
]
There is a small manufacturing sector and a small offshore financial sector serving international businesses; its secrecy laws have caused some international concern. There are increasing demands for international financial services like stock exchange and financial intermediaries financial activities in the country. In addition, the natives of
Bequia
are permitted to hunt up to four
humpback whales
per year under
IWC
subsistence quotas.
[51]
Tourism
[
edit
]
The tourism sector has considerable potential for development. The filming of the
Pirates of the Caribbean
movies on the island has helped to expose the country to more potential visitors and investors. Recent growth has been stimulated by strong activity in the construction sector and an improvement in tourism.
[52]
Transportation
[
edit
]
Argyle International Airport
is the country's new international airport.
[53]
The new facility opened on 14 February 2017,
[54]
replacing the existing
E.T. Joshua Airport
. The airport is on the island's east coast about 8.3 km (5.17 miles) from Kingstown.
[
citation needed
]
Communications
[
edit
]
In 2010, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines had 21,700 telephone land lines. Its land telephone system is fully automatic, covering the entire island and all of the inhabited Grenadine islands.
[50]
In 2002, there were 10,000 mobile phones.
[55]
By 2010, this number had increased to 131,800.
[50]
Mobile phone service is available in most areas of Saint Vincent as well as the Grenadines.
[56]
Saint Vincent has two ISPs (
Digicel
,
Flow
) that provide cellular telephone and internet service.
[57]
Demographics
[
edit
]
The population as estimated in 2021 was 104,332.
[58]
[59]
The ethnic composition was 66%
African descent
, 19% of mixed descent, 6% East Indian, 4%
Europeans
(mainly Portuguese), 2%
Kalinago
and 3% others.
[10]
Most Vincentians are the descendants of West-Central African people brought to the island to work on
plantations
. There are other ethnic groups such as
Portuguese
(from
Madeira
) and
East Indians
, both brought in to work on the plantations after the abolishing of slavery by the British living on the island. There is also a growing Chinese population.
[60]
Languages
[
edit
]
English is the official language. Most Vincentians speak Vincentian Creole.
[61]
English is used in education, government, religion, and other formal domains, while Creole (or 'dialect' as it is referred to locally) is used in informal situations such as in the home and among friends.
[62]
Religion
[
edit
]
According to the 2001 census, 81.5% of the population of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines identified themselves as
Christian
, 6.7% had a different religion and 8.8% had no religion, or did not state one (1.5%).
[63]
Anglicanism
constitutes the largest religious category, adhered to by 17.8% of the population.
Pentecostals
are the second largest group (17.6%). The next largest group are
Methodists
(10.9% of the population), followed by
Seventh-day Adventists
(10.2%) and
Baptists
(10.0%). Other Christians include
Roman Catholics
(7.5%),
Evangelicals
(2.8%), Church of God (2.5%),
Brethren Christian
(1.3%),
Jehovah's Witnesses
(0.6%) and the
Salvation Army
(0.3%).
[64]
Between 1991 and 2001 the number of Anglicans, Brethren, Methodists and Roman Catholics decreased, while the number of Pentecostals, Evangelicals and Seventh-day Adventists increased.
[
citation needed
]
The number of non-Christians is small. These religious groups include the
Rastafari
(1.5% of the population),
Hindus
and
Muslims
(1.5%).
[65]
Culture
[
edit
]
Sport
[
edit
]
Cricket
,
rugby
and
association football
are most popular among men whereas
netball
is most popular among women. Basketball, volleyball and tennis are also very popular.
[66]
The country's prime
football
league is the
NLA Premier League
, which provides its
national (association) football team
with most players. A notable Vincentian footballer is
Ezra Hendrickson
, former national team captain who played at several Major League Soccer clubs in the United States and is now a head coach with the
Chicago Fire FC
.
[67]
The country regularly participates at the
Caribbean Basketball Championship
where a
men's team
and a
women's team
compete. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines also has its own
national rugby union team
which is ranked 84th in the world. Other notable sports played at the regional level include track and field. Natasha Mayers won a gold medal in the
100m
at the
2010 Commonwealth Games
.
[68]
Kineke Alexander
won a bronze medal in the women's [400m] at the
2015 Pan American Games
.
[69]
Eswort Coombs
got a bronze medal in the 400m at the
1995 Pan American Games
.
Music
[
edit
]
Music popular in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines includes big drum,
calypso
,
soca
,
steelpan
and
reggae
. String band music, quadrille and traditional storytelling are also popular. One of the most successful St Vincent natives is
Kevin Lyttle
. He was named Cultural Ambassador for the Island 19 September 2013.
[70]
The national anthem of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is "
Saint Vincent, Land so beautiful
", adopted upon independence in 1979.
[71]
Media
[
edit
]
Saint Vincent has twelve FM radio stations: 88.9 Adoration Fm,
[72]
89.1 Jem Radio, 89.7 NBC Radio, 95.7 and 105.7
Praise FM
, 96.7 Nice Radio, 97.1 Hot 97, 98.3 Star FM, 99.9 We FM, 103.7 Hitz, 102.7 EZee radio, 104.3 Xtreme FM and 106.9 Boom FM. There are several Internet radio stations including Chronicles Christian Radio.
[73]
It has one television broadcast station ZBG-TV (SVGTV)
[74]
and one cable television provider.
St Vincent and the Grenadines Broadcasting Corporation is the parent company for SVGTV, Magic 103.7.
[75]
Holidays
[
edit
]
Public holidays of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
[76]
Date
|
Name in English
|
1 January
|
New Year's Day
|
14 March
|
National Heroes' Day
|
15 April
|
Good Friday
|
18 April
|
Easter Monday
|
1 May
|
Labour Day
|
6 June
|
Whit Monday
|
4 July
|
Carnival Monday
|
1 August
|
Emancipation Day
|
27 October
|
Independence Day
|
25 December
|
Christmas Day
|
26 December
|
Boxing Day
|
Notable people of Vincentian descent
[
edit
]
- 21 Savage
, Rapper
- Lincoln Alexander
, Lawyer
- Judy Boucher
, Reggae singer
- Ashley Cain
, Footballer
- Dan Caplen
, Singer-songwriter
- Jamal Edwards
, Entrepreneur
- Skinny Fabulous
, Soca musician/singer
- Adonal Foyle
, American basketball player
- N'Keal Harry
, American football player
- Jesse Lingard
, Footballer
- Kevin Lyttle
, Musician/singer
- Nixon McLean
, Cricketer
- Mist
, Rapper
- Nzingha Prescod
, American Olympic fencer
- Protoje
, Reggae singer
- Marlon Roudette
, Singer-songwriter
- Franklyn Seales
, television and motion picture actor
- Cassie Ventura
, Singer
- Sophia Young
, NCAA Champion and 3x WNBA All-Star
- Ezra Hendrickson
, MLS Player and now Head Coach of Chicago Fire
- K. Dwight Venner
, Former Governor of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"National Profiles"
.
Archived
from the original on 14 October 2022
. Retrieved
14 October
2022
.
- ^
"
"Mid Year Total Population Estimates by Age and Sex, 2018 to 2022"
"
. Statistical Office, Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Archived from
the original
on 22 April 2023.
- ^
"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Population and Housing Census Report 2012"
(PDF)
. Statistical Office, Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. 2012. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 22 April 2023.
- ^
a
b
"World Economic Outlook October 2023 (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)"
. International Monetary Fund. October 2023.
Archived
from the original on 13 December 2023
. Retrieved
13 December
2023
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Bobrow, Jill & Jinkins, Dana. 1985.
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
. 4th Edition Revised and Updated, Concepts Publishing Co., Waitsfield, Vermont, 1993.
- Cosover, Mary Jo. 1989. "St. Vincent and the Grenadines." In
Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean: A Regional Study
, edited by Sandra W. Meditz and Dennis M. Hanratty. US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
- CIA Factbook entry
Archived
12 August 2022 at the
Wayback Machine
- Gonsalves, Ralph E. 1994.
History and the Future: A Caribbean Perspective
. Quik-Print, Kingstown, St Vincent.
- US Dept of State Profile
Archived
25 May 2019 at the
Wayback Machine
- Williams, Eric. 1964.
British Historians and the West Indies
, Port-of-Spain.
External links
[
edit
]
- Government
- General information
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13°15′N
61°12′W
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13.250°N 61.200°W
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13.250; -61.200