Country in Central Africa
Republic of the Congo
|
---|
|
Motto:
"Unite, Travail, Progres"
(French)
(English:
"Unity, Work, Progress"
)
|
Anthem:
"
La Congolaise
"
(French)
Besi Kongo
(
Kongo
)
(English:
"The Congolese"
)
|
Show globe
Show map of Africa
|
Capital
and largest city
| Brazzaville
4°16′S
15°17′E
/
4.267°S 15.283°E
/
-4.267; 15.283
|
---|
Official languages
| French
[1]
|
---|
Recognised national languages
| |
---|
Religion
| |
---|
Demonym(s)
| Congolese
Brazzaville-Congolese
|
---|
Government
| Unitary
semi-presidential
republic
under a
dominant-party
authoritarian
state
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
|
---|
|
| Denis Sassou Nguesso
|
---|
| Anatole Collinet Makosso
|
---|
|
Legislature
| Parliament
|
---|
| Senate
|
---|
| National Assembly
|
---|
|
|
? Republic established
| 28 November 1958
|
---|
? from France
| 15 August 1960
|
---|
|
|
? Total
| 342,000 km
2
(132,000 sq mi) (
64th
)
|
---|
? Water (%)
| 3.3
|
---|
|
? 2023 estimate
| 6,228,784
[7]
(
116th
)
|
---|
? Density
| 17/km
2
(44.0/sq mi)
|
---|
GDP
(
PPP
)
| 2023 estimate
|
---|
? Total
| $27.994 billion
[8]
(
150th
)
|
---|
? Per capita
| $5,552
[8]
(
149th
)
|
---|
GDP
(nominal)
| 2023 estimate
|
---|
? Total
| $14.407 billion
[8]
(
142nd
)
|
---|
? Per capita
| $2,857
[8]
(
138th
)
|
---|
Gini
(2011)
| 40.2
[9]
medium
|
---|
HDI
(2022)
| 0.593
[10]
medium
(
149th
)
|
---|
Currency
| Central African CFA franc
(
XAF
)
|
---|
Time zone
| UTC
+1
(
WAT
)
|
---|
Date format
| dd/mm/yyyy
|
---|
Driving side
| right
|
---|
Calling code
| +242
|
---|
Internet TLD
| .cg
|
---|
The
Republic of the Congo
,
[a]
also known as
Congo-Brazzaville
,
West Congo
,
Congo Republic
,
[11]
[12]
ROC
, or simply either
Congo
or
the Congo
, is a country located on the western coast of
Central Africa
to the west of the
Congo River
. It is bordered to the west by
Gabon
, to the northwest by
Cameroon
, to the northeast by the
Central African Republic
, to the southeast by the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
, to the south by the
Angolan
exclave
of
Cabinda
, and to the southwest by the Atlantic Ocean.
The region was dominated by
Bantu
-speaking tribes at least 3,000 years ago, who built trade links leading into the
Congo River
basin. Congo was formerly part of the
French colony
of
Equatorial Africa
.
[13]
The Republic of the Congo was established on 28 November 1958 and gained independence from France in 1960. It was a
Marxist?Leninist state
from 1969 to 1992, under the name
People's Republic of the Congo
(PRC). The country has had multi-party elections since 1992, but a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997
Republic of the Congo Civil War
. President
Denis Sassou Nguesso
, who first came to power in 1979, ruled until 1992 and then again since after his reinstatement.
The Republic of the Congo is a member of the
African Union
, the
United Nations
,
La Francophonie
, the
Economic Community of Central African States
, and the
Non-Aligned Movement
. It has become the 4th-largest
oil producer
in the
Gulf of Guinea
, providing the country with a degree of prosperity, with political and economic instability in some areas, and unequal distribution of oil revenue nationwide.
Its economy
is dependent on the oil sector.
[14]
and economic growth has slowed since
the post-2015 drop in oil prices
.
Christianity
is the most widely professed faith in the country.
Etymology
[
edit
]
It is named after the
Congo River
whose name is derived from
Kongo
, a
Bantu
kingdom which occupied its mouth around the time the
Portuguese
first arrived in 1483
[15]
or 1484.
[16]
The kingdom's name derived from its people, the
Bakongo
, an
endonym
said to mean "hunters" (
Kongo
:
mukongo
,
nkongo
).
[17]
During the period when it was colonized by France, it was known as the
French Congo
or
Middle Congo
. To distinguish it from the neighboring
Democratic Republic of the Congo
, it is sometimes referred to as
Congo (Brazzaville)
,
Congo-Brazzaville
, or
Little Congo
.
[18]
Brazzaville
derives from the colony's founder,
Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza
, an Italian nobleman whose title referred to the town of Brazzacco, in the
comune
of
Moruzzo
, whose name derived from the
Latin
Brattius
or
Braccius
, both meaning "arm".
[19]
History
[
edit
]
Bantu-speaking peoples
who founded tribes during the
Bantu expansions
, mostly displaced and absorbed the earlier inhabitants of the region, the
Pygmy
people, about 1500
BC. The
Bakongo
, a Bantu ethnic group that occupied parts of what later is Angola, Gabon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Some Bantu kingdoms?including those of the
Kongo
, the
Loango
, and the
Teke
?built trade links leading into the
Congo Basin
.
[20]
The
Portuguese
explorer
,
Diogo Cao
reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484.
[21]
Commercial relationships grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded in commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured and enslaved in the
hinterlands
. After centuries as a central hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.
[22]
The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of
Pierre de Brazza
's treaty with King Makoko
[23]
of the
Bateke
.
[21]
After the death of Makoko, his widow Queen
Ngalifourou
upheld the terms of the treaty and became an ally to the colonizers.
[24]
This Congo Colony became known first as
French Congo
, then as Middle Congo in 1903.
In 1908, France organized
French Equatorial Africa
(AEF), comprising the Middle Congo,
Gabon
,
Chad
, and
Oubangui-Chari
(what later is
Central African Republic
). The French designated
Brazzaville
as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. Construction of the
Congo?Ocean Railway
following
World War I
has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.
[21]
During the
Nazi occupation of France
during
World War II
, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of
Free France
between 1940 and 1943.
[25]
The
Brazzaville Conference of 1944
heralded a period of reform in French colonial policy. Congo "benefited" from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville.
[20]
It had a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the
Fourth Republic
.
Following the revision of the
French constitution
that established the
Fifth Republic
in 1958, AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the
French Community
. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958
[26]
and published its first constitution in 1959.
[27]
Antagonism between the
Mbochis
(who favored
Jacques Opangault
) and the
Laris
and
Kongos
(who favored
Fulbert Youlou
, the first black mayor elected in French Equatorial Africa) resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the
French Army
subdued.
[28]
Elections took place in April 1959. By the time the Congo became independent in August 1960, Opangault, the former opponent of Youlou, agreed to serve under him. Youlou, an avid anti-communist, became the first President of the Republic of the Congo.
[29]
Since the political tension was so high in
Pointe-Noire
, Youlou moved the capital to Brazzaville.
The Republic of the Congo became fully independent from France on 15 August 1960. Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labor elements and rival political parties instigated a
3-day uprising
that ousted him.
[30]
The Congolese military took over the country and installed a civilian provisional government headed by
Alphonse Massamba-Debat
.
Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Debat was elected president for a five-year term.
[20]
During
Massamba-Debat's term in office
, the regime adopted "
scientific socialism
" as the country's constitutional ideology.
[31]
In 1964, Congo sent an official team with a single athlete at the
Olympic Games
for the first time in its history. In 1965, Congo established relations with the
Soviet Union
, the
People's Republic of China
,
North Korea
, and
North Vietnam
.
[31]
On the economic and social level, Massamba-Debat led a healthy and rigorous management. Under his presidency, the Congo began to
industrialize
and the standard of living of the Congolese improved. Some large production units with large workforces were built: the textile factory of Kinsoundi, the palm groves of Etoumbi, the match factory of
Betou
, the shipyards of Yoro, etc. Health centers were created as well as school groups (colleges and elementary school). The country's school enrollment rate became the highest in Black Africa.
[32]
At the same time, Brazzaville became a center for left-wing exiles from all over Central Africa. On the night of February 14 to 15, 1965, 3 public officials of the Republic of the Congo were kidnapped:
Lazare Matsocota
[
fr
]
(prosecutor of the Republic),
Joseph Pouabou
[
fr
]
(President of the Supreme Court), and
Anselme Massoueme
[
fr
]
(director of the Congolese Information Agency). The bodies of 2 of these men were later found, mutilated, by the
Congo River
.
[33]
[34]
Massamba-Debat's regime invited some hundred
Cuban
army troops into the country to train his party's militia units. These troops helped his government survive a
coup d'etat
in 1966
led by paratroopers loyal to future President
Marien Ngouabi
. Massamba-Debat was unable to reconcile institutional, tribal, and ideological factions within the country
[31]
and his regime ended with a bloodless
coup
in September 1968
.
Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on 31 December 1968. One year later, Ngouabi proclaimed the Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the
People's Republic of the Congo
, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the
Congolese Labour Party
(PCT). He survived an
attempted
coup
in 1972
and was assassinated on 18 March
1977.
[35]
An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government, with
Joachim Yhombi-Opango
serving as president. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power, and
Denis Sassou Nguesso
became the new president.
[20]
Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the
Eastern Bloc
and signed a 20-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on
political repression
and less on
patronage
to maintain his dictatorship.
[36]
The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 resulted in the ending of Soviet aid to prop up the regime, and it abdicated power.
Pascal Lissouba
who became Congo's first elected president (1992?1997) during the period of multi-party democracy attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalize the economy. In the years 1993 and 1994 the
first Congo Civil War in Congo
occurred. In June 1996, IMF approved a 3-year
SDR
69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in 1997.
[37]
Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the
civil war
. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On 5 June, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville, and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a 4-month conflict that destroyed or damaged some of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In October, the Angolan government began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power and the Lissouba government fell. After that, Sassou declared himself president.
[20]
In the
elections in 2002
, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His 2 main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing. A remaining rival,
Andre Milongo
advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race.
[38]
A
constitution
, agreed upon by
referendum in January 2002
, granted the president new powers, extended his term to 7 years and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the 1-party state.
[39]
Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the
Pool region
between government forces and rebels led by
Pastor Ntumi
; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.
[40]
Sassou won the following
presidential election in July 2009
.
[41]
According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".
[42]
In March 2015, Sassou announced that he wanted to run for yet another term in office and a
constitutional referendum
in October resulted in a
changed constitution
that allowed him to run during the
2016 presidential election
. He won the election believed by some to be fraudulent. After violent protests in the capital, Sassou attacked the Pool region where the
Ninja rebels
of the civil war used to be based, in what was believed to be a distraction. This led to a revival of the Ninja rebels who launched attacks against the army in April 2016, leading 80,000 people to flee their homes. A ceasefire deal was signed in December 2017.
[43]
In 2023, the
Forest Massif of Odzala-Kokoua
, for its savanna ecosystems and post-glacial recolonisation of forests, was listed as a natural
UNESCO World Heritage Site
.
Geography
[
edit
]
Natural landscapes range from the
savanna
plains in the North Niari flooded forests, to the Congo River, to the rugged mountains and forests of
Mayombe
, and 170 km of beaches along the Atlantic coast.
[44]
Congo is located in the central-western part of
sub-Saharan Africa
, along the
Equator
, lying between latitudes
4°N
and
5°S
, and longitudes
11°
and
19°E
. To the south and east of it is the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
. It is bounded by
Gabon
to the west,
Cameroon
and the
Central African Republic
to the north, and
Cabinda
(
Angola
) to the southwest. It has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean.
The southwest is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the
Kouilou-Niari River
; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between 2 basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.
[45]
Congo had a 2018
Forest Landscape Integrity Index
mean score of 8.89/10, ranking it 12th globally out of 172 countries.
[46]
Congo lies within 4 terrestrial ecoregions:
Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests
,
Northwestern Congolian lowland forests
,
Western Congolian swamp forests
, and
Western Congolian forest?savanna mosaic
.
[47]
Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is more consistent year-round, with the average day temperature a humid 24 °C (75 °F) and nights generally between 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F). The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in the
Niari Valley
in the south to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in central parts. The dry season is from June to August, while in the majority of the country, the wet season has 2 rainfall maxima: 1 in March?May and another in September?November.
[48]
In 2006?07, researchers from the
Wildlife Conservation Society
studied gorillas in "heavily forested" regions centered on the
Ouesso District
of the
Sangha Region
. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000
western lowland gorillas
whose isolation from humans has been mostly preserved by "inhospitable" swamps.
[49]
Biodiversity
[
edit
]
Government and politics
[
edit
]
The government of the Republic is a
semi-presidential system
with an elected president who appoints the
Council of Ministers, or Cabinet
. The council, including the Prime Minister, is selected from the elected representatives in Parliament. Since the 1990s, the country has had a
multi-party political system
which is dominated by President
Denis Sassou Nguesso
. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own
Congolese Labour Party
(
French
:
Parti Congolais du Travail
) as well as a range of smaller parties.
Sassou's regime has seen
corruption
revelations, with attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of "lavish properties" in France.
[50]
Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".
[51]
[52]
[53]
Denis Christel Sassou-Nguesso, son of Denis Sassou Nguesso, has been named in association with the
Panama Papers
.
[54]
On 27 March 2015, Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum on changing the country's 2002 constitution to allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office.
[55]
On 25 October, the government held a referendum on allowing Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal was approved by 92% of voters, with 72% of eligible voters participating. The opposition who boycotted the referendum said that the government's statistics were false and the vote was a fake one.
[56]
The election raised questions and was accompanied by civil unrest and police shootings of protesters;
[57]
at least 18 people were killed by security forces during opposition rallies leading up to the referendum held in October.
Administrative divisions
[
edit
]
It is divided into 12
departements
(departments). Departments are divided into communes and districts.
[58]
These are:
Human rights
[
edit
]
Some
Pygmies
belong from birth to
Bantus
in a relationship some refer to as slavery.
[59]
[60]
The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property in the same way as pets.
[59]
On 30 December 2010, the
Congolese parliament
adopted a law to promote and protect the rights of indigenous peoples.
[
clarification needed
]
This law is "the first" of its kind in Africa.
[61]
[
needs update
]
Economy
[
edit
]
The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based mainly on
petroleum
,
[14]
[62]
support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and "overstaffing". Petroleum extraction has supplanted
forestry
as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, the oil sector accounted for 65% of the
GDP
, 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports.
[63]
The country has untapped
mineral
wealth.
[14]
In the 1980s, rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance larger-scale development projects. GDP grew an average of 5% annually. The government has mortgaged a portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a "shortage of revenues". On 12 January 1994, the devaluation of
Franc Zone
currencies by 50% resulted in an inflation of 46% in 1994, and inflation has subsided since.
[64]
Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, including the
World Bank
and the
International Monetary Fund
. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on
economic reforms
and
privatization
and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. Economic progress was "badly hurt" by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which "worsened" the republic's budget deficit.
The administration presides over an "uneasy internal peace" and faces "difficult" economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, with record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are other exports, while Congo was excluded from the
Kimberley Process
in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were, in fact, being smuggled out of the neighboring
Democratic Republic of the Congo
; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.
[65]
[66]
The Republic of the Congo has untapped base metal, gold, iron, and phosphate deposits.
[67]
It is a member of the
Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa
(OHADA).
[68]
The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to
South African
farmers to reduce its dependence on imports.
[69]
[70]
The GDP of the Republic of the Congo grew by 6% in 2014 and is expected to have grown by 7.5% in 2015.
[71]
[72]
In 2018, the Republic of the Congo joined the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
.
[73]
Congo?Ocean Railway
was
built by forced laborers
during the 1930s. Some colonial architectural heritage is preserved. Restoration of architectural works is underway in Brazzaville, for example, at the Basilica of Sainte-Anne du Congo, which was completed in 2011.
[74]
Demographics
[
edit
]
Population
[75]
[76]
Year
|
Million
|
1950
|
0.8
|
2000
|
3.2
|
2021
|
5.8
|
Its population is concentrated in the southwestern portion, leaving the areas of tropical
jungle
in the north virtually uninhabited. 70% of its total population lives in urban areas, namely in
Brazzaville
,
Pointe-Noire
, or one of the cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi), railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined in some years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.
[77]
Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were
French
; a fraction of this number remains.
[77]
Around 300
American
immigrants reside in the Congo.
[77]
According to a 2011?12 survey, the total fertility rate was 5.1 children born per woman, with 4.5 in urban areas and 6.5 in rural areas.
[78]
Largest cities
[
edit
]
Largest cities or towns in Republic of the Congo
|
|
Rank
|
|
Department
|
Municipal pop.
|
Brazzaville
Pointe-Noire
|
1
|
Brazzaville
|
Brazzaville
|
1,373,382
|
2
|
Pointe-Noire
|
Pointe-Noire
|
715,334
|
3
|
Dolisie
|
Niari
|
83,798
|
4
|
Nkayi
|
Bouenza
|
71,620
|
5
|
Impfondo
|
Likouala
|
33,911
|
6
|
Ouesso
|
Sangha
|
28,179
|
7
|
Madingou
|
Bouenza
|
25,713
|
8
|
Owando
|
Cuvette
|
24,736
|
9
|
Sibiti
|
Lekoumou
|
22,951
|
10
|
Loutete
|
Bouenza
|
19,212
|
Languages
[
edit
]
Ethnologue
recognizes 62 spoken languages in the country.
[79]
The
Kongo
are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are
Laari
, in Brazzaville and Pool regions, and the
Vili
, around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group is the
Teke
, who live to the north of Brazzaville, with 16.9% of the population.
Mbochi
live in the north, east and in Brazzaville and form 13.1% of the population.
[80]
[81]
Pygmies
make up 2% of Congo's population.
[82]
Religion
[
edit
]
According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of
Catholics
(33.1%),
Awakening Lutherans
(22.3%), and other
Protestants
(19.9%) as of 2007. Followers of
Islam
make up 1.6%; this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.
[13]
Education
[
edit
]
Public expenditure of the
GDP
was less in 2002?05 than in 1991.
[84]
Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds,
[85]
and in practice, expenses exist.
[85]
In 2005 net primary enrollment rate was 44%, a drop from 79% in 1991.
[84]
Health
[
edit
]
Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004 whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%.
[84]
As of 2012
[update]
, the
HIV/AIDS
prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds.
[13]
Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004.
[84]
A proportion of the population is undernourished,
[84]
and
malnutrition
is a problem in Congo-Brazzaville.
[86]
There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the 2000s (decade).
[84]
As of 2010
[update]
, the
maternal mortality
rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the
infant mortality
rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births.
[13]
Female genital mutilation
(FGM) is confined to limited geographic areas.
[87]
Culture
[
edit
]
Music
[
edit
]
Media
[
edit
]
Cuisine
[
edit
]
Sports
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Constitution de 2015"
.
Digitheque materiaux juridiques et politiques, Jean-Pierre Maury, Universite de Perpignan
(in French).
Archived
from the original on 13 March 2016
. Retrieved
2 January
2021
.
- ^
"Religions in Republic of the Congo | PEW-GRF"
. Archived from
the original
on 10 October 2022
. Retrieved
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