The
railway system in
Vietnam
is owned and operated by the state-owned
Vietnam Railways
(
Vietnamese
:
đ??ng s?t Vi?t Nam
). The principal route, the
single track
North-South Railway
running between
Hanoi
and
Ho Chi Minh City
, accounts for 1,726 kilometres (1,072 mi) of the network's total length of 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi). The national railway network uses mainly
metre gauge
, although there are several
standard gauge
and
mixed gauge
lines in the north of the country.
[1]
[2]
The first railways in Vietnam were established in the 1880s, with construction beginning in 1888; these included a
tram
running between the ports of
Saigon
and
Cholon
, and a
regional rail
line connecting Saigon with
M? Tho
. Railway construction flourished soon afterwards, during the administration of
Paul Doumer
as
Governor-General of French Indochina
from 1897 to 1902. It was during this time that construction of the
Yunnan?Vietnam
and North?South railways began. Construction of the north?south line took over thirty years, finally ending in 1936, during which time other branch lines were also completed. Beginning in World War II, the entire rail network became a target of bombing attacks by a number of groups, including both
North Vietnamese
and
South Vietnamese
troops during the
Vietnam War
. Although the main lines?particularly the North?South line?were quickly restored and returned to service once conflict ended, many branch lines were abandoned and dismantled at their expense, their infrastructure used to replace damaged sections of the main lines, or sold as
scrap
.
[1]
[3]
With increased economic growth brought on by the
Doi Moi
reforms of the late 1980s, the railway system has entered a renewed phase of development. A number of major projects supported by
official development assistance
have been proposed or are currently underway, including a series of projects to improve bridge and railway safety on the North-South Railway line,
[3]
connections to
Cambodia
and
Laos
,
[4]
and the restoration of a number of defunct lines, including the
đa L?t?Thap Cham railway
first established in the 1930s. A
high-speed rail link
between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City has also been proposed, which would reduce journey length from 30 hours to around 6 hours.
[1]
[5]
Laos has
held a ceremony but construction remains stalled (2019)
on a rail line to
Lao Bao
from
Savannakhet
, across from the Thai rail head to
Bangkok
. Two project for high-speed railway include the
North-South Railway Express
and the
Ho Chi Minh City?C?n Th? express railway
.
Usage
[
edit
]
Rail transport remains relatively underused as a mode of transport in Vietnam. While road transport dominates the transport sector by far?accounting for 65% of freight moved as of 2006?rail transport accounted for only 4% of freight transportation in 2008, and 5% of passenger transportation, leading it to be considered the "least relevant" of all modes of transport in the
European Union
's 2010
Green Book
on Vietnam.
[6]
According to reports by the
Asian Development Bank
, however, the role of rail transport is growing, carving out a significant role for itself in long-distance bulk cargo transport.
[1]
The following table gives an overview of rail transport volume and traffic over the period from 1998 to 2011:
Transport type
|
1998
|
2000
|
2002
|
2004
|
2006
|
2008
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
Freight volume (kt)
[7]
|
4977.6
|
6258.2
|
7051.9
|
8873.6
|
9153.2
|
8481.1
|
8247.5
|
7861.5
|
7234.1
|
Freight traffic (Mt-km)
[8]
|
1369.0
|
1955.0
|
2391.5
|
2745.3
|
3446.6
|
4170.9
|
3864.5
|
3960.9
|
4098.5
|
Passenger volume (Mpeople)
[9]
|
9.7
|
9.8
|
10.8
|
12.9
|
11.6
|
11.3
|
11.1
|
11.2
|
11.9
|
Passenger traffic (Mpeople-km)
[10]
|
2542.3
|
3199.9
|
3697.2
|
4376.3
|
4333.7
|
4560.4
|
4138.1
|
4377.9
|
4569.1
|
History
[
edit
]
Colonial beginnings
[
edit
]
Rail transport was introduced to Vietnam in the 1880s, supported by the French administration of
Indochina
. The earliest rail project to be completed was the Saigon?Cholon
tramway
, established in 1881 in what was then
Cochinchina
, operated by the Cochinchina Steam Tramway Company (SGTVC). After a month of operation, the Lieutenant Governor of Cochinchina noted that ridership had already reached two thousand passengers.
[11]
[12]
[13]
Construction of the first
regional rail
project, linking
Saigon
and
M? Tho
, began in the same year, to be completed soon afterwards in 1885. The Saigon?M? Tho line reduced travel time between the two cities from 12 hours to only 3 hours,
[14]
and established a connection between Saigon and the shipping lanes of the
Mekong Delta
.
[1]
[15]
[16]
The first railway in
Tonkin
, a
600 mm
(
1 ft
11
+
5
⁄
8
in
) gauge line connecting
L?ng S?n
to Phu Lang Thuong (now known as
B?c Giang
), was established in 1895.
[17]
[18]
Railway construction multiplied during the administration of
Paul Doumer
as
Governor-General of French Indochina
from 1897 to 1902. Doumer's predecessor,
Jean Marie de Lanessan
, had been convinced of the necessity of building railways to connect the different parts of Indochina, and had identified certain key routes that should be built as a matter of priority; among these, a route connecting
Hanoi
and
Saigon
, and another connecting Hanoi and
Lao Cai
.
[18]
In 1897, Doumer submitted an overarching proposal for railway development in Indochina, including plans for what would eventually become the
Yunnan?Vietnam Railway
and the
North?South Railway
. The French government approved the construction of the entire Yunnan line and several sections of the North?South line, approving a loan of 200 million francs within the following year. Work began swiftly thereafter, with the Phu Lang Thuong?L?ng S?n line being upgraded and extended from Hanoi to the Chinese border at Dong Dang. The section between Gia Lam and đ?ng đ?ng was inaugurated in July 1900
[19]
but completion of gauge conversion of the remaining section and the first section of the Yunnan line between
Hanoi
and
Haiphong
were not completed until 1902.
[15]
[17]
[20]
The Hanoi?Haiphong railway was one leg of the Yunnan?Vietnam Railway, which had begun construction in 1900, and continued northward with the erection of Paul Doumer Bridge (now known as
Long Bien Bridge
) in 1902, the largest bridge in Southeast Asia at that time.
[21]
Construction on the Yunnan line continued northwestward towards the border town of Lao Cai, opening in segments beginning in 1903; the entire Hanoi?Lao Cai line was finally opened in 1906. Finally, in 1910, the line was extended to its final destination of
Kunming
.
[15]
[22]
Construction of the Yunnan line was an extremely difficult undertaking, incurring not only great expenditures but also a great loss of human life. At least 12,000 labourers died from
malaria
or accidents, 10,000 of these in the
Nanxi River
Valley alone.
[23]
Construction of the North?South Railway began in 1899, and lasted over thirty years, with individual sections completed serially: from 1899 to 1905, the Hanoi?
Vinh
section was laid down, followed by the Nha Trang?Saigon section from 1905 to 1913, then the Vinh?
Hu?
section from 1913 to 1927, and finally, the remaining Hu??
Nha Trang
section from 1930 to 1936. On 2 October 1936, the entire 1,726 km (1,072 mi) Hanoi?Saigon link was formally put into full operation. The first journeys from end to end of the newly completed line, dubbed the
Transindochinois
, generally took about 60 hours, or two days and three nights.
[24]
This decreased to about 40 hours by the late 1930s, with trains travelling at an average speed of 43 km/h (27 mph).
[1]
[3]
[17]
[25]
Wartime
[
edit
]
From the beginning of the
Second Sino-Japanese War
in 1937, the railway into
Yunnan
served as a channel for arms shipments to the Chinese
Kuomintang
. French refusal to halt shipments of arms and other war-related goods to China through Tonkin eventually provoked the
Invasion of French Indochina
by Japanese forces in 1940. The Japanese used the railway system extensively during their occupation, inviting sabotage by the
Viet Minh
as well as airborne Allied bombing raids. The railways sustained considerable damage, including the destruction of bridges.
[1]
[25]
[26]
Shortly after World War II ended, the
First Indochina War
began, and the Viet Minh's sabotage of the rail system continued, this time against the armies of the
French Union
. The French returned several sections of the railway to full operation, allowing trains to circulate freely from Saigon to
Ninh Hoa
, Saigon to
Loc Ninh
, Saigon to M? Tho and Hu? to Tourane (Da Nang) by the end of 1947. The sections lying between
Nha Trang
and Tourane and north of Hu? were judged to be too insecure to be returned to service at the time.
[25]
[27]
Early in the conflict, the Viet Minh's sabotage attempts failed to seriously damage the French railways, and most trains circulated without much protection. Beginning in 1947, however, the Viet Minh began to use mines, with circulation slowing to a crawl as they became more and more powerful.
[28]
In response, the French began using the armed
armoured train
La Rafale
as both a cargo-carrier and a mobile surveillance unit.
[29]
[30]
In February 1951 the first
Rafale
was in service on the Saigon-Nha Trang section of the North?South line,
[31]
[32]
manned by the
2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment
(
French Foreign Legion
). Use of the
Rafale
failed to deter the Viet Minh, however, who continued sabotaging the line, making off with its rails under cover of night and using them to create a 300-kilometre (190 mi)-long clandestine rail network between Ninh Hoa and Da Nang, in a Viet Minh-controlled area.
[25]
In 1954, following the signature of the
Geneva Accords
and the end of the First Indochina War, Vietnam?along with its railway system?was divided along the
B?n H?i River
in
Qu?ng Tr? Province
.
[1]
[25]
[27]
Throughout the
Vietnam War
, the Vietnamese railway network?especially the North?South Railway?was a target of bombardments and sabotage by both North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese forces. In the South, American aid allowed the
South Vietnamese
government to reconstruct the main line between Saigon and Hu?, and several branch lines were also completed. As reconstruction efforts advanced, however, bombardments and sabotage of the railways by the
Viet Cong
and the North Vietnamese intensified, reducing the transportation capacity and effectiveness of the railway, and eventually forcing the abandonment of many large sections of the track. In 1964, Typhoons
Joan
and
Iris
, the worst to strike Vietnam in sixty-five years, damaged the railway system even further, restricting operations to five separated segments. A second reconstruction effort, assisted again by the U.S. government, began in December 1966, and progressed in those areas where security was re-established. The system reopened 340 kilometers of main line in areas where security was restored.
[25]
[33]
[34]
In North Vietnam, American bombing of railways was concentrated on key targets such as bridges, both along the North?South Railway and along the lines north of Hanoi, such as the Hanoi?Lao Cai and Hanoi?Dong Dang lines. At several points during the war, American bombing severely hindered transport along both lines, on which the North Vietnamese depended for shipments from their Chinese allies.
Operation Rolling Thunder
was the first large-scale bombing campaign carried out by the
U.S. Air Force
, taking place from March 2, 1965, until November 1, 1968, when US President
Lyndon B. Johnson
temporarily called off air raids. Large-scale air raids resumed from May 9 to October 23, 1972, for
Operation Linebacker
, and again from December 18?29, 1972, for
Operation Linebacker II
, with fewer target restrictions than
Rolling Thunder
.
[35]
Railway engineering troops from the
People's Republic of China
, deployed in late June 1965, were tasked with repairing the damage caused by the bombing. By late December of that year, reconstruction was complete on 363 kilometers of both the Hanoi?Lao Cai and Hanoi?Dong Dang lines, significantly increasing shipping capacity. A third rail was added to the existing lines, using
standard gauge
spacing, effectively converting them to
mixed gauge
lines. This allowed Chinese trains to connect directly with the Vietnamese railway network, without the need for a break-of-gauge. Many new stations, bridges and tunnels were also built, and an entirely new rail line, the Thai Nguyen?Kep line, was built as a strategic connection between the Hanoi?Dong Dang and Hanoi?Thai Nguyen lines.
[36]
A particularly difficult target for
U.S. Air Force
bombers was the
Thanh Hoa Bridge
, a well-defended combined road/rail bridge along the main line in
Thanh Hoa Province
. The bridge was attacked several times from 1965 to 1972. Several times, traffic over the bridge was interrupted, but every time, the North Vietnamese were able to repair the damage. The bridge was eventually destroyed by laser-guided
smart bombs
during separate raids on April 27 and May 13, 1972, as part of Operation Linebacker.
[35]
After the
Fall of Saigon
on 30 April 1975, the Communist government of the newly unified Vietnam took control of the former South Vietnamese railway. The heavily damaged, war-torn North?South line was restored and returned to service on 31 December 1976, promoted as a symbol of Vietnamese unity. In the short time between the surrender of the South and the reopening of the line, 1334 bridges, 27 tunnels, 158 stations and 1370 switches had been repaired.
[25]
Other railway lines that once existed, such as the
Da Lat
–
Thap Cham
line, were dismantled during this period to provide materials for the repair of the main line.
[1]
[37]
The outbreak of the
Sino?Vietnamese War
in 1979 resulted in the closing of borders, including railways; particularly, the railway bridge that connected Lao Cai and Hekou on the Yunnan?Vietnam line was destroyed by sabotage during the conflict. Rail traffic between the two countries would eventually resume in 1992.
Network
[
edit
]
The Vietnamese railway network has a total length of 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi), dominated by the north?south line running between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City; as of 2007, 85% of the network's passenger volume and 60% of its cargo volume was transported along this line. There were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network as of 2005, 191 of which were located along the north?south line.
[2]
[3]
[38]
Operational realities
[
edit
]
The north?south line goes through some congested urban areas, with very little clearance (less than 1 meter on each side), instead they rely on blazing horns. Though the line is single track, speed does pick up outside urban areas, and the rails themselves are of quality to easily outpace any highway traffic, nevertheless this does not allow for schedule flexibility and frequency nor much safety as
grade separation
is almost nonexistent and level crossings the norm.
Proposals
[
edit
]
Several railway lines have been proposed for construction in Vietnam in recent years. The largest such project is the
high-speed
North?South Express Railway
connecting
Hanoi
and
Ho Chi Minh City
, (see
High-speed rail
, below) valued at approximately US$56 billion. Due to its cost, plans for the line are currently on hold pending further study of the project.
[39]
Other projects involve the restoration of previously existing lines, such as the Da Lat?Thap Cham and Ho Chi Minh City?Loc Ninh lines, both of which were originally built in the 1930s, but fell into disuse after decades of war. The proposed
Ho Chi Minh City?Moc Bai
and
M? Gi?
?
Vung Ang
lines (both of which had either existed or been considered before World War II) would establish Vietnam's first international railway links to
Cambodia
and
Laos
, respectively.
[4]
Current lines
[
edit
]
Proposed lines
[
edit
]
Defunct lines
[
edit
]
International railway links
[
edit
]
- China
The railway link from
Haiphong
to the Chinese city of
Kunming
was originally built by the French administration of
Indochina
in the early 20th century. The section within Vietnam is 389 km long (237 km between Hanoi and the border at
Lao Cai
). The railway used
1,000 mm
(
3 ft
3
+
3
⁄
8
in
) gauge due to the mountainous terrain along the route. Currently, the line is the only main line in China using
metre gauge
, (or
dual gauge
, since it can also be
converted
to
standard gauge
). Railway service along the Chinese portion of the route is currently suspended. Cross-border service was available until 2002, when floods and landslides, which frequently caused delays along the route,
[62]
caused serious damage to the tracks on the Chinese side.
[44]
The railway will form the Chinese part of the
Kunming?Singapore Railway
, which has been proposed many times, and which at some point was expected to be completed in 2015.
Railway access to
Nanning
is done through the border at
đ?ng đ?ng
, in
L?ng S?n Province
. Regular service generally entails stopping at the border, changing from a Vietnamese metre-gauge train to a Chinese standard-gauge train, and continuing on to Nanning. Since 2009, a daily overnight service is available; the train departs from Hanoi's
Gia Lam Railway Station
, and runs on standard-gauge tracks all the way to Nanning.
[44]
- Cambodia
There is currently no railway connection between Vietnam and Cambodia. The French administration of
Indochina
originally built
a railway from Saigon to L?c Ninh
in the 1930s, with the intent of extending it further into Cambodia. It was abandoned in 1945, at the start of the
First Indochina War
. A
new line
connecting
Ho Chi Minh City
to
Phnom Penh
, Cambodia, was proposed as part of the
Kunming?Singapore Railway
project, overseen by the ASEAN?Mekong Basin Development Cooperation (AMBDC). The 129 km (80 mi) Vietnamese portion of the line would begin with a junction of the
North?South Railway
at
D? An Railway Station
, and would end in
L?c Ninh
,
Binh Ph??c Province
, close to the Cambodian border. According to the plan established by ASEAN, this stretch is scheduled for completion by 2020.
[4]
[63]
- Laos
There is currently no railway connection between Vietnam and Laos. In 2007, the Laotian Ministry of Transportation entered into discussion with Vietnam to discuss the possibility of opening a new railway line from
Thakhek
in
Laos
through the
M? Gi? Pass
to
Tan ?p Railway Station
in
Qu?ng Binh Province
, connecting to the national railway at
Vung Ang
, a port in
Ha T?nh Province
which the Vietnamese Government plans to expand. This would revive, in part, an earlier but aborted scheme, the
Thakhek - Tan ?p railway
. According to plans established by ASEAN, the line may be extended via Thakhek all the way to the Laotian capital
Vientiane
. Both Laos and Thailand have expressed interest in the project as a shorter export gateway to the Pacific Ocean.
[4]
[64]
High-speed rail
[
edit
]
National railway company
Vietnam Railways
has proposed a
high-speed rail
link between
Hanoi
and
Ho Chi Minh City
, capable of running at speeds of 300 km/h (186 mph). Funding for the line would come mainly from the Vietnamese government, with Japanese aid in the form of
official development assistance
(ODA). Current technology allows trains travelling on the current, single-track
Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City line
to complete the journey in approximately thirty hours.
[42]
Once completed, the high-speed rail line?using Japanese
Shinkansen
technology?would allow trains to complete the Hanoi?Ho Chi Minh City journey in less than six hours.
[5]
[39]
[65]
Vietnamese prime minister
Nguyen Tan Dung
had originally set an ambitious target, approving a 1,630 km (1,010 mi) line to be completed by 2013, with 70 percent of funding (initially estimated at US$33 billion) coming from Japanese ODA, and the remaining 30 percent raised through loans.
[65]
Later reports raised estimated costs to US$56 billion (almost 60 percent of Vietnam's
GDP
in 2009) for a completion date in the mid-2030s. On June 19, 2010, after a month of deliberation, Vietnam's National Assembly rejected the high speed rail proposal due to its high cost; National Assembly deputies had asked for further study of the project.
[5]
[39]
However, the project
North-South Express Railway
now remains in works, with expectations to begin constructions by 2028-2029.
[66]
[67]
Furthermore, the proposed
Ho Chi Minh City?C?n Th? express railway
is also a project underway.
[68]
Work begins on High Speed connection to China
[
edit
]
Workers began to lay tracks on China's first direct high-speed railway link to Vietnam on 8th August 2023. A track-laying machine put down a 500-meter-long track, domestic media outlet CGTN reported.
[69]
The railway between Fangchenggang and Dongxing, in South China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, spans a distance of 46.9 kilometers (km), and has a designed speed of 200 km per hour. Infrastructure is being built with conditions to upgrade the travel speed to 250 km per hour in the future.
Subways and light rail
[
edit
]
Ho Chi Minh City Metro
[
edit
]
A
rapid transit
network to serve
Ho Chi Minh City
was first proposed in 2001 as part of a comprehensive public transport network plan including Ho Chi Minh City and neighbouring provinces.
[70]
The project is managed by the city's Management Authority for Urban Railways (MAUR), a government unit working directly under the Chairman of the People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City.
[71]
The city's plan envisages developing three
monorail
or
light rail
lines with a total length of 37 kilometres (23 mi) and six underground
metro
routes (1435mm gauge) with a total length of 107 kilometres (66 mi).
[72]
The network's first line, connecting
B?n Thanh Market
and
Suoi Tien Park
in
District 9
, is scheduled for completion in 2015,
[73]
and a second line between
B?n Thanh Market
and Tham Luong in
District 12
is due to begin construction in August 2010, scheduled for completion in 2016.
[74]
Other proposed lines include: a
B?n Thanh Market
?
Binh Tan
line via
Cholon
; a line running from Lang Cha Ca in
Tan Binh District
to
Van Thanh Park
in
Binh Th?nh District
; a line connecting
Thu Thiem
in
District 2
with Can Giuoc in
District 8
; and a line stretching from Ba Queo in Tan Binh District to Phu Lam in
District 6
.
[75]
Hanoi Metro
[
edit
]
In July 2008, the then-
Vietnamese Prime Minister
Nguy?n T?n D?ng
approved an overall transport development plan for Hanoi, which, among other projects, proposed a
rapid transit
system with five routes (1435mm gauge).
[76]
The project is being carried out by the Hanoi Metropolitan Rail Transport Project Board (HRB).
[77]
As of spring 2009, projects for four lines were under consideration: the Nho?Hanoi Railway Station (the "pilot" line), the Nam Thang Long?Tran Hung Dao line, the Cat Linh?Ha đong line, and the Yen Vien?Ngoc Hoi line. The Nho?Hanoi Railway Station, Cat Linh?Ha đong and Yen Vien?Ngoc Hoi lines are currently in the research phase.
[78]
Technical studies of the system were expected to be completed in 2009.
[77]
The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has confirmed that the Nam Thang Long?Tran Hung Dao line would begin construction in mid-2011, to be completed in 2014 for full operation by 2016.
[78]
Infrastructure
[
edit
]
Most of Vietnam's railway infrastructure?including bridges, rail trucks, track beds, rolling
stocks, signals and communication equipment, and maintenance facilities?has suffered severe deterioration, mainly due to damage inflicted during the Vietnam War and a subsequent lack of capital investment and maintenance
[
citation needed
]
. More recently
[
when?
]
, rehabilitation projects sustained by
official development assistance
have allowed the most critical pieces of infrastructure along the line to be replaced, although much work still remains to be done
[
further explanation needed
]
.
[3]
Tracks
[
edit
]
Most existing Vietnamese railway lines use
metre gauge
, although
standard gauge
and
mixed gauge
are used northeast of Hanoi.
[40]
As of 2005, approximately 2,600 km (1,600 mi) of track was in use throughout Vietnam:
[2]
- 2,169 km (1,348 mi) metre gauge (
1,000 mm
(
3 ft
3
+
3
⁄
8
in
));
- 178 km (111 mi) standard gauge (
1,435 mm
(
4 ft
8
+
1
⁄
2
in
)); and
- 253 km (157 mi) mixed gauge (
1,435 mm
(
4 ft
8
+
1
⁄
2
in
) and
1,000 mm
(
3 ft
3
+
3
⁄
8
in
)).
Besides active tracks, around 506 km (314 mi) of tracks are in use as siding, bringing the total to 3,106 km (1,930 mi) of track laid nationwide.
[40]
Bridges
[
edit
]
Vietnam Railways reports the number of railway bridges along the North?South line to be 1,300, totalling about 28,000 m (92,000 ft), or about 63% of the national total. Considering both standard rail bridges and combined bridges, the total length along the North?South line is about 36,000 m (118,000 ft).
[3]
[40]
Many of the railway bridges were severely worn from age and sport damage dating from the Vietnam War, despite their restoration following the war. As of 2007, 278 bridges requiring major rehabilitation remain along the North?South Railway line.
[3]
Throughout the entire Vietnamese rail network, Vietnam Railways reports a total of 1,790 railway bridges, with a total length of 45,368 m (148,845 ft).
[2]
Tunnels
[
edit
]
There are 27 railway tunnels along the North?South line, amounting to a total length of 8,335 m (27,346 ft). Throughout the entire Vietnamese rail network, Vietnam Railways report a total of 39 tunnels with a combined length of 11,512 m (37,769 ft).
[40]
Certain tunnels are inadequately drained and suffer from deterioration in the tunnel lining, causing water leaks that necessitate reductions in speed.
[1]
Signalling
[
edit
]
The North?South Railway line uses a semi-automatic block system, which allows individual signals to work either as
automatic signals
or manual signals. These replace the
token
method used in earlier years.
[2]
[40]
According to a joint Japanese-Vietnamese evaluation team, the recent installation of additional auto-signal systems at key crossings along the line has contributed to a decline in railway accidents.
[3]
Semaphore signals
were once used throughout the Vietnamese rail network, but these are gradually being replaced with
colour light signals
; most of the railway lines in northern Vietnam have been converted.
[2]
[40]
According to Vietnam Railways, automatic warning systems have been installed at 230 level crossings throughout the country.
[40]
Communications
[
edit
]
Since 1998, microband
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
technology has been used along the North?South Railway line to send television signals; 64 kbit/s transmission lines are leased from the Vietnam Post and Telecommunications Corporation (VPTC). Along some sections of the line?for example, from Hanoi to Vinh and from Nha Trang to Ho Chi Minh City?a
fiber-optic network
has been deployed; Vietnam Railways intends to extend the network along the remaining distance from Vinh to Nha Trang. A switching system featuring digital exchanges is in place, connected via the existing transmission system and the public telephone network. As the modernization of the telecommunication system progresses, manual exchanges are gradually being replaced with digital exchanges.
[2]
[40]
Sewers
[
edit
]
The Vietnamese rail network includes 4,860 sewers, with a total length of 71,439 m (234,380 ft).
[40]
Safety
[
edit
]
The overall condition of railway infrastructure in Vietnam varies from poor to fair; most of the network remains in need of rehabilitation and upgrading, having received only temporary repair from damages suffered during decades of war. A joint Japanese-Vietnamese evaluation team found that the poor state of railway infrastructure was the fundamental cause for most railway accidents, of which the most common types are train crashes against vehicles and persons, especially at illegal
level crossings
;
derailments
caused by failure to decrease speed were also noted as a common cause of accidents.
[3]
The Vietnamese railway network is crossed by many roads in several crowded areas; as a result, accidents involving vehicles and pedestrians have occurred. In the first 10 months of 2009, 431 railway accidents reportedly took place throughout Vietnam, causing 166 casualties and injuring 319 people.
[79]
A researcher from
Villanova University
noted "There are numerous safety issues with level crossings...usually, an accident occurs every day."
[80]
Many rail bridges and tunnels have suffered deterioration since the 1970s, requiring trains passing over or through them to reduce speeds as low as 15 km/h (9.3 mph).
[1]
In addition, the center of the country is subject to violent annual flooding and bridges are often swept away, causing lengthy closures.
[3]
Along with recent efforts aimed at infrastructure rehabilitation, the recent adoption of safety measures by Vietnam Railways has led to a decline in railway accidents. These measures include: public awareness campaigns on railway safety in the media; construction of fences and safety barriers at critical level crossings in major cities; mobilization of volunteers for traffic control at train stations and level crossings, especially during holiday seasons; the installation of additional auto-signal systems; and the construction of
flyovers
and
underpasses
to redirect traffic.
[3]
Railway management
[
edit
]
The Vietnamese railway network is owned and operated by the state-owned enterprise
Vietnam Railways
(VNR), which operates a number of different subsidiaries involved in construction, communications, training, and other activities connected to railway maintenance. Following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, the newly reunified Vietnamese railway network was centrally managed by the precursor of VNR, the government's Department of Railways. Initially, low rail tariffs and the poor state of infrastructure used in other modes of transport led to high usage, but revenue proved to be insufficient to cover the railway's operating costs. In 1986, the Government's implementation of
Doi Moi
economic reforms led to the deregulation of the transport sector and the shift towards a market-led economy, forcing the railways to change in order to maintain a competitive edge. The Department of Railways was reorganized into Vietnam Railways (
Vietnamese
:
đ??ng s?t Vi?t Nam
) in 1989; since that time, railway reform has passed through a number of stages. Responsibility for rail infrastructure and operations were separated by government decree in 1994. The government of Germany began providing assistance with the restructuring of the railway sector in 2000, allowing VNR to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its operations, thus increasing its competitiveness. In 2003, VNR was re-organized as a state corporation, the Vietnam Railway Corporation, operating in railway transport and related services;
[81]
railway administration and infrastructure management were given to the Vietnam Railway Administration, under the authority of the Ministry of Transport. A Railway Law was passed by the National Assembly on 19 May 2005; although regulations for the law's implementation have yet to be issued, it does provide a strong basis for further sector development; among other things, it proposed that
foreign investors
be invited to invest in Vietnam Railways.
[1]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes and references
[
edit
]
- Notes
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a
b
c
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This article incorporates
public domain material
from websites or documents of the
United States Army Center of Military History
.
External links
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]
Maps
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