Country in Western Europe
Interactive map showing the border of Luxembourg
Luxembourg
(
LUK
-s?m-burg
;
[9]
Luxembourgish
:
Letzebuerg
[?l?ts?bu??]
ⓘ
; German:
Luxemburg
[?l?ksm?b??k]
ⓘ
; French:
Luxembourg
[lyks??bu?]
ⓘ
), officially the
Grand Duchy
of Luxembourg
,
[b]
is a small
landlocked country
in
Western Europe
. It is bordered by
Belgium
to the west and north,
Germany
to the east, and
France
to the south. Its capital and most populous city,
Luxembourg
,
[10]
is one of
the four institutional seats of the European Union
(together with
Brussels
,
Frankfurt
, and
Strasbourg
) and the seat of several EU institutions, notably the
Court of Justice of the European Union
, the highest judicial authority.
[11]
[12]
Luxembourg's culture
, people, and
languages
are greatly influenced by
France
and
Germany
; for example,
Luxembourgish
, a Germanic language, is the only national language of the
Luxembourgish people
and of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,
[13]
[14]
French
is the only language for legislation, and all three – Luxembourgish,
German
and French – are used for administrative matters in the country.
[13]
With an area of 2,586 square kilometers (998 sq mi), Luxembourg is
Europe's seventh-smallest country
.
[15]
In 2024, it had a population of 672,050, which makes it one of the
least-populated countries in Europe
,
[16]
albeit with the
highest population growth rate
;
[17]
foreigners account for nearly half the population.
[18]
Luxembourg is a
representative democracy
headed by a
constitutional monarch
,
Grand Duke Henri
, making it the world's only remaining sovereign
grand duchy
.
Luxembourg is a
developed country
with an advanced economy and one of the world's highest
GDP (PPP) per capita
as per
IMF
and
World Bank
estimates. The nation's levels of
human development
and
LGBT equality
are ranked among the highest in Europe.
[19]
[20]
The
historic city including its fortification
was declared a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of its vast fortifications and historic quarters.
[21]
Luxembourg is a founding member of the
European Union
,
[22]
OECD
, the
United Nations
,
NATO
, and the
Benelux
.
[23]
[24]
It served on the
United Nations Security Council
for the first time in 2013 and 2014.
[25]
History
[
edit
]
The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in the year 963, when
Count
Siegfried
acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications, known as
Lucilinburhuc
, "little castle", and the surrounding area from the
Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin
in nearby
Trier
.
[26]
[27]
Siegfried's descendants increased their territory through marriage, conquest, and
vassalage
. By the end of the 13th century, the
counts of Luxembourg
reigned over a considerable territory.
[28]
In 1308,
Count of Luxembourg Henry VII
became
King of the Romans
and later
Holy Roman Emperor
;
[29]
the
House of Luxembourg
would produce four Holy Roman Emperors during the High Middle Ages. In 1354,
Charles IV
elevated the county to the
Duchy of Luxembourg
.
[30]
The duchy eventually became part of the
Burgundian Circle
and then one of the
Seventeen Provinces
of the
Habsburg Netherlands
.
[31]
Over the centuries, the City and
Fortress of Luxembourg
?of great strategic importance due to its location between the
Kingdom of France
and the
Habsburg
territories?was gradually built up to be one of the most reputed
fortifications
in Europe.
[32]
After belonging to both the France of
Louis XIV
and the
Austria
of
Maria Theresa
, Luxembourg became part of the
First French Republic
and
Empire
under
Napoleon
.
[33]
The present-day state of Luxembourg first emerged at the
Congress of Vienna
in 1815. The Grand Duchy, with its powerful fortress, became an independent state under the personal possession of
William I of the Netherlands
with a
Prussian
garrison to guard the city against another invasion from France.
[34]
[30]
In 1839, following the turmoil of the
Belgian Revolution
, the purely French-speaking part of Luxembourg was ceded to
Belgium
and the Luxembourgish-speaking part (except the
Arelerland
, the area around
Arlon
) became what is the present state of Luxembourg.
[34]
Before AD 963
[
edit
]
The first traces of settlement in what is now Luxembourg are dated back to the
Paleolithic Age
, about 35,000 years ago. From the 2nd century BC,
Celtic tribes
settled in the region between the rivers
Rhine
and
Meuse
.
[36]
Six centuries later the
Romans
would name the Celtic tribes inhabiting these exact regions collectively as the
Treveri
. Many examples of archaeological evidence proving their existence in Luxembourg have been discovered, the most famous being the Oppidum of
Titelberg
.
In around 58 to 51 BC, the Romans invaded the country when
Julius Caesar
conquered Gaul
and part of
Germania
up to the Rhine border, thus the area of what is now Luxembourg became part of the
Roman Empire
for the next 450 years, living in relative peace under the
Pax Romana
.
Similar to those in Gaul, the Celts of Luxembourg adopted Roman culture, language, morals and a way of life, effectively becoming what historians later described as
Gallo-Roman civilization
.
[37]
Evidence from that period includes the
Dalheim Ricciacum
and the
Vichten mosaic
, on display at the
National Museum of History and Art
in Luxembourg City.
[38]
The territory was infiltrated by the
Germanic
Franks
from the 4th century, and was abandoned by Rome in AD 406,
[39]
: 65
after which it became part of the
Kingdom of the Franks
. The Salian Franks who settled in the area are often described as the ones having brought the Germanic language to present-day Luxembourg, since the
old Frankish
language spoken by them is considered by linguists to be a direct forerunner of the
Moselle Franconian dialect
, which later evolved into, among others, the modern-day
Luxembourgish language
.
[39]
: 70
[40]
The
Christianization
of Luxembourg is usually dated back to the end of the 7th century. The most famous figure in this context is
Willibrord
, a
Northumbrian
missionary saint, who together with other monks established the
Abbey of Echternach
in AD 698,
[41]
and is celebrated annually in the
dancing procession of Echternach
. For a few centuries the abbey would become one of northern Europe's most influential abbeys. The
Codex Aureus of Echternach
, an important surviving codex written entirely in gold ink, was produced here in the 11th century.
[35]
The so-called
Emperor's Bible
and the
Golden Gospels of Henry III
were also produced in Echternach at this time.
[42]
[43]
: 9?25
Emergence and expansion of the County of Luxemburg (963?1312)
[
edit
]
When the
Carolingian Empire
was divided many times starting with the
Treaty of Verdun
in 843, today's Luxembourgish territory became successively part of the
Kingdom of Middle Francia
(843?855), the
Kingdom of Lotharingia
(855?959) and finally of the
Duchy of Lorraine
(959?1059), which itself had become a state of the
Holy Roman Empire
.
[45]
The recorded history of Luxembourg begins with the acquisition of
Lucilinburhuc
[46]
(today
Luxembourg Castle
) situated on the
Bock
rock by
Siegfried, Count of the Ardennes
, in 963 through an exchange act with
St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier
.
[47]
Around this
fort
, a town gradually developed, which became the center of a state of great strategic value within the Duchy of Lorraine.
[21]
Over the years, the fortress was extended by Siegfried's descendants and by 1083, one of them,
Conrad I
, was the first to call himself a "
Count of Luxembourg
", and with it effectively creating the independent
County of Luxembourg
(which was still a state within the Holy Roman Empire).
[48]
By the middle of the 13th century the counts of Luxembourg had managed to gain considerable wealth and power and had expanded their territory from the river
Meuse
to the
Moselle
. By the time of the reign of
Henry V the Blonde
,
Bitburg
,
La Roche-en-Ardenne
,
Durbuy
,
Arlon
,
Thionville
,
Marville
,
Longwy
, and in 1264 the competing
County of Vianden
(and with it
St Vith
and
Schleiden
) had either been incorporated directly or become
vassal states
to the County of Luxembourg.
[49]
The only major setback during their rise in power came in 1288, when
Henry VI
and his three brothers died at the
Battle of Worringen
while trying unsuccessfully to add the
Duchy of Limburg
to their realm. But despite the defeat, the Battle of Worringen helped the Counts of Luxembourg to achieve military glory, which they had previously lacked, as they had mostly enlarged their territory by means of inheritances, marriages and fiefdoms.
[50]
The ascension of the Counts of Luxembourg culminated when
Henry VII
became
King of the Romans
,
King of Italy
and finally, in 1312,
Holy Roman Emperor
.
[51]
Golden Age: The House of Luxembourg contending for supremacy in Central Europe (1312?1443)
[
edit
]
With the ascension of Henry VII as Emperor, the dynasty of the
House of Luxembourg
not only began to rule the
Holy Roman Empire
, but rapidly began to exercise growing influence over other parts of Central Europe as well.
Henry's son,
John the Blind
, in addition to being Count of Luxembourg, also became
King of Bohemia
. He remains a major figure in Luxembourgish history and
folklore
and is considered by many historians the epitome of
chivalry
in medieval times. He is also known for having founded the
Schueberfouer
in 1340 and for his heroic death at the
Battle of Crecy
in 1346.
[52]
[53]
John the Blind is considered a
national hero
in Luxembourg.
[54]
In the 14th and early 15th centuries, three more members of the House of Luxembourg reigned as Holy Roman Emperors and Bohemian Kings: John's descendants
Charles IV
,
Sigismund
(who also was
King of Hungary and Croatia
), and
Wenceslaus IV
. Charles IV created the long-lasting
Golden Bull of 1356
, a decree which fixed important aspects of the constitutional structure of the Empire. Luxembourg remained an independent fief (county) of the Holy Roman Empire, and in 1354, Charles IV elevated it to the status of a
duchy
with his half-brother
Wenceslaus I
becoming the first
Duke of Luxembourg
. While his kin were occupied ruling and expanding their power within the Holy Roman Empire and elsewhere, Wenceslaus, annexed the
County of Chiny
in 1364, and with it, the territories of the new
Duchy of Luxembourg
reached its greatest extent.
[55]
During these 130 years, the House of Luxembourg was contending with the
House of Habsburg
for supremacy within the Holy Roman Empire and Central Europe. It all came to end in 1443, when the House of Luxembourg suffered a succession crisis, precipitated by the lack of a male heir to assume the throne. Since Sigismund and
Elizabeth of Gorlitz
were both heirless, all possessions of the Luxembourg Dynasty were redistributed among the European aristocracy.
[56]
The Duchy of Luxembourg become a possession of
Philip the Good
,
Duke of Burgundy
.
[57]
As the House of Luxembourg had become extinct and Luxembourg now became part of the
Burgundian Netherlands
, this would mark the start of nearly 400 years of foreign rule over Luxembourg.
Luxembourg under Habsburg rule and repeated French invasions (1444?1794)
[
edit
]
In 1482,
Philip the Handsome
inherited all of what became then known as the
Habsburg Netherlands
, and with it the Duchy of Luxembourg. For nearly 320 years Luxembourg would remain a possession of the mighty House of Habsburg, at first under Austrian rule (1506?1556), then under
Spanish rule (1556?1714)
, before going back again to
Austrian rule (1714?1794)
.
With having become a Habsburg possession, the Duchy of Luxembourg became, like many countries in Europe at the time, heavily involved in the many conflicts for dominance of Europe between the Habsburg-held countries and the
Kingdom of France
.
In 1542, the
King of France
,
Francois I
, invaded Luxembourg twice, but the Habsburgs under
Charles V
managed to reconquer the Duchy each time.
[58]
Luxembourg became part of the
Spanish Netherlands
in 1556, and when France and Spain
went to war in 1635
it resulted in the
Treaty of the Pyrenees
, in which
the first partition of Luxembourg
was decided. Under the Treaty, Spain ceded the Luxembourgish fortresses of
Stenay
, Thionville, and
Montmedy
, and the surrounding territory to France, effectively reducing the size of Luxembourg for the first time in centuries.
[59]
In context of the
Nine Years' War
in 1684,
France invaded Luxembourg again
, conquering and occupying the Duchy until 1697 when it was returned to the Spanish in order to garner support for the
Bourbon
cause during the prelude to the
War of the Spanish Succession
. When the war broke out in 1701 Luxembourg and the Spanish Netherlands were administered by the pro-French faction under the governor
Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria
and sided with the Bourbons. The duchy was subsequently occupied by the pro-Austrian allied forces during the conflict and was awarded to Austria at its conclusion in 1714.
[60]
As the Duchy of Luxembourg repeatedly passed back and forth from Spanish and Austrian to French rule, each of the conquering nations contributed to strengthening and expanding the
Fortress
that the Castle of Luxembourg had become over the years. One example of this includes French military engineer
Marquis de Vauban
who advanced the fortifications around and on the heights of the city, fortification walls that are still visible today.
[59]
Luxembourg under French rule (1794?1815)
[
edit
]
During the
War of the First Coalition
,
Revolutionary France
invaded the Austrian Netherlands, and with it, Luxembourg, yet again. In the years 1793 and 1794 most of the Duchy was conquered relatively quickly and the
French Revolutionary Army
committed many atrocities and pillages against the Luxembourgish civilian population and abbeys, the most infamous being the massacres of
Differdange
and
Dudelange
, as well as the destruction of the abbeys of
Clairefontaine
,
Echternach
and
Orval
.
[61]
[62]
However the Fortress of Luxembourg
resisted for nearly 7 months
before the Austrian forces holding it surrendered. Luxembourg's long defense led
Lazare Carnot
to call Luxembourg "the best fortress in the world, except Gibraltar", giving rise to the city's nickname
the Gibraltar of the North
.
[63]
Luxembourg was annexed by France, becoming the
departement des forets
(department of forests), and the incorporation of the former Duchy as a
departement
into France was formalised at the
Treaty of Campo Formio
in 1797.
[63]
From the start of the occupation the new French officials in Luxembourg, who spoke only French, implemented many republican reforms, among them the principle of
laicism
, which led to an outcry in strongly Catholic Luxembourg. Additionally French was implemented as the only official language and Luxembourgish people were barred access to all civil services.
[64]
When the French Army introduced military duty for the local population, riots broke out which culminated in 1798 when Luxembourgish peasants started a rebellion.
[64]
Even though the French managed to rapidly suppress this revolt called
Kleppelkrich
, it had a profound effect on the historical memory of the country and its citizens.
[65]
However, many republican ideas of this era continue to have a lasting effect on Luxembourg; one of the many examples features the implementation of the Napoleonic
Code Civil
which was introduced in 1804 and is still valid today.
[66]
National awakening and independence (1815?1890)
[
edit
]
After the
defeat
of
Napoleon
in 1815, the Duchy of Luxembourg was restored. However, as the territory had been part of the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Habsburgian Netherlands in the past, both the
Kingdom of Prussia
and the
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
now claimed possession of the territory. At the
Congress of Vienna
the great powers decided that Luxembourg would become a member state of the newly formed
German Confederation
, but at the same time
William I of the Netherlands
, the
King of the Netherlands
, would become, in
personal union
, the head of state. To satisfy Prussia, it was decided that not only the
Fortress of Luxembourg
be manned by Prussian troops, but also that large parts of Luxembourgish territory (mainly the areas around Bitburg and St. Vith) become Prussian possessions.
[67]
This marked the second time that the Duchy of Luxembourg was reduced in size, and is generally known as the
Second Partition of Luxembourg
. To compensate the Duchy for this loss, it was decided to elevate the Duchy to a
Grand-Duchy
, thus giving the Dutch monarchs the additional title of
Grand-Duke of Luxembourg
.
After
Belgium
became an independent country following the victorious
Belgian Revolution of 1830?1831
, it claimed the entire Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg as being part of Belgium, however, the Dutch King who was also Grand Duke of Luxembourg, as well as Prussia, did not want to lose their grip on the mighty fortress of Luxembourg and did not agree with the Belgian claims.
[68]
The dispute would be solved at the
1839 Treaty of London
where the decision of the
Third Partition of Luxembourg
was taken. This time the territory was reduced by more than half, as the predominantly
francophone
western part of the country
(but also the then Luxembourgish-speaking part of
Arelerland
) was transferred to the new state of Belgium, thereby giving Luxembourg its modern-day borders. The treaty of 1839 also established full independence of the remaining Germanic-speaking Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg.
[69]
[70]
[71]
[72]
In 1842 Luxembourg joined the German Customs Union (
Zollverein
).
[73]
[74]
This resulted in the opening of the German market, the development of
Luxembourg's steel industry
, and expansion of
Luxembourg's railway network
from 1855 to 1875.
After the
Luxembourg Crisis
of 1866 nearly led to war between Prussia and France, as both were unwilling to see the other taking influence over Luxembourg and its mighty fortress, the Grand Duchy's independence and neutrality were reaffirmed by the
Second Treaty of London
and Prussia was finally willing to withdraw its troops from the Fortress of Luxembourg under the condition that the fortifications would be dismantled. That happened the same year.
[75]
At the time of the
Franco-Prussian war
in 1870, Luxembourg's neutrality was respected, and neither France nor Germany invaded the country.
[76]
As a result of the recurring disputes between the major European powers, the people of Luxembourg gradually developed a consciousness of independence and a national awakening took place in the 19th century.
[77]
The people of Luxembourg began referring to themselves as
Luxembourgers
, rather than being part of one of the larger surrounding nations. This consciousness of
Mir welle bleiwe wat mir sinn
("
We want to remain what we are ")
culminated in 1890, when the last step towards full independence was finally taken: due to a succession crisis the
Dutch monarchy
ceased to hold the title Grand-Duke of Luxembourg. Beginning with
Adolph of Nassau-Weilburg
, the Grand-Duchy would have
their own monarchy
, thus reaffirming its full independence.
[78]
Two German occupations and interwar political crisis (1890?1945)
[
edit
]
In August 1914, during
World War I
,
Imperial Germany
violated Luxembourg's
neutrality
by invading it in order to defeat France.
[79]
Nevertheless, despite the
German occupation
, Luxembourg was allowed to maintain much of its independence and political mechanisms.
[80]
Unaware of the fact that Germany secretly planned to annex the Grand-Duchy in case of a German victory (the
Septemberprogramm
), the Luxembourgish government continued to pursue a policy of strict neutrality. However, the Luxembourgish population did not believe Germany had good intentions, fearing that it would annex Luxembourg. Around 1,000 Luxembourgers served in the French army.
[81]
Their sacrifices have been commemorated at the
Gelle Fra
.
[82]
After the war, Grand-Duchess
Marie-Adelaide
was seen by many people (including the French and Belgian governments) as having collaborated with the Germans and calls for her abdication and the establishment of a
Republic
became louder.
[83]
[84]
After the retreat of the
German army
, communists in Luxembourg City and
Esch-sur-Alzette
tried to establish a
soviet worker's republic
similar to the
ones emerging in Germany
, but these attempts lasted only 2 days.
[84]
[83]
In November 1918, a motion in the
Chamber of Deputies
demanding the
abolition of the monarchy
was defeated narrowly by 21 votes to 19 (with 3 abstentions).
[85]
France questioned the Luxembourgish government's, and especially Marie-Adelaide's, neutrality during the war, and calls for an annexation of Luxembourg to either France or Belgium grew louder in both countries.
[86]
In January 1919, a company of the
Luxembourgish Army
rebelled, declaring itself to be the army of the new republic, but French troops intervened and put an end to the rebellion.
[86]
Nonetheless, the disloyalty shown by her own armed forces was too much for Marie-Adelaide, who abdicated in favor of her sister
Charlotte
5 days later.
[87]
The same year, in a
popular referendum
, 77.8% of the Luxembourgish population declared in favor of maintaining monarchy and rejected the establishment of a republic.
During this time, Belgium pushed for an annexation of Luxembourg. However, all such claims were ultimately dismissed at the
Paris Peace Conference
, thus securing Luxembourg's independence.
[88]
In 1940, after the outbreak of
World War II
, Luxembourg's neutrality was violated again when
Nazi Germany
's
Wehrmacht
entered the country
, "entirely without justification".
[89]
In contrast to the First World War, under the
German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II
, the country was treated as German territory and informally annexed to the adjacent province of
Nazi Germany
,
Gau Moselland
. This time, Luxembourg did not remain neutral as Luxembourg's
government in exile
based in London supported the
Allies
, sending a small group of volunteers who participated in the
Normandy invasion
, and multiple
resistance groups
formed inside the occupied country.
[90]
[91]
With 2.45% of its prewar population killed, and a third of all buildings in Luxembourg being destroyed or heavily damaged (mainly due to the
Battle of the Bulge
), Luxembourg suffered the highest such loss in Western Europe, but its commitment to the Allied war effort was never questioned.
[92]
Around 1,000-2,500 of Luxembourg's Jews were murdered in
the Holocaust
.
Integration into NATO and European Union (1945?)
[
edit
]
The Grand Duchy became a founding member of the
United Nations
in 1945. Luxembourg's neutral status under the
constitution
formally ended in 1948, and in April 1949 it also became a founding member of
NATO
.
[93]
During the
Cold War
, Luxembourg continued its involvements on the side of the
Western Bloc
. In the early fifties a small contingent of troops fought in the
Korean War
.
[94]
Luxembourg troops have also deployed to Afghanistan, to support
ISAF
.
[95]
In the 1950s, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the
European Communities
, following the 1952 establishment of the
European Coal and Steel Community
, and subsequent 1958 creations of the
European Economic Community
and
European Atomic Energy Community
. In 1993, the former two of these were incorporated into the
European Union
. With
Robert Schuman
(one of the founding fathers of the EU),
Pierre Werner
(considered the father of the
Euro
),
Gaston Thorn
,
Jacques Santer
and
Jean-Claude Juncker
(all former Presidents of the
European Commission
), Luxembourgish politicians contributed substantially to the EU's formation and establishment. In 1999, Luxembourg joined the
eurozone
. Thereafter, the country was elected non-permanent member of the
United Nations Security Council
(2013?14).
The
steel industry
exploiting the
Red Lands
' rich iron-ore grounds in the beginning of the 20th century drove Luxembourg's industrialization.
[96]
After the decline of the steel industry in the 1970s, the country focused on establishing itself as
a global financial center
and developed into the banking hub it is reputed to be. Since the beginning of the 21st century, its governments have focused on developing the country into a
knowledge economy
, with the founding of the
University of Luxembourg
and a
national space program
.
Government and politics
[
edit
]
Luxembourg is described as a "
full democracy
",
[97]
with a
parliamentary democracy
headed by a
constitutional monarch
. Executive power is exercised by the
grand duke
and the cabinet, which consists of several members with the titles of minister, minister delegate or secretary of state, who are headed by a Prime Minister.
[98]
The current
Constitution of Luxembourg
, the supreme law of Luxembourg, was originally adopted on 17 October 1868.
[99]
The Constitution was last updated on 1 July 2023.
[100]
The grand duke has the power to dissolve the
legislature
, in which case new elections must be held within three months. But since 1919, sovereignty has resided with the nation, exercised by the grand duke in accordance with the Constitution and the law.
[101]
Legislative power is vested in the
Chamber of Deputies
, a
unicameral
legislature of sixty members, who are directly elected to five-year terms from four
constituencies
. A second body, the
Council of State
(
Conseil d'Etat
), composed of 21 ordinary citizens appointed by the grand duke, advises the Chamber of Deputies in the drafting of legislation.
[102]
Luxembourg has three lower tribunals (
justices de paix
; in
Esch-sur-Alzette
, the city of
Luxembourg
, and
Diekirch
), two district tribunals (Luxembourg and Diekirch), and a
Superior Court of Justice
(Luxembourg), which includes the Court of Appeal and the Court of Cassation. There is also an Administrative Tribunal and an Administrative Court, as well as a Constitutional Court, all of which are located in the capital.
Administrative divisions
[
edit
]
Luxembourg is divided into 12
cantons
, which are further divided into 100
communes
.
[103]
Twelve of the communes have
city status
; the city of
Luxembourg
is the largest.
[104]
There have been three
partitions of Luxembourg
between 1659 and 1839. Together, they reduced the territory of Luxembourg from 10,700 km
2
(4,100 sq mi) to the present-day area of 2,586 km
2
(998 sq mi). The remainder forms parts of modern day
Belgium
, France, and Germany.
Foreign relations
[
edit
]
Luxembourg has long been a prominent supporter of European political and
economic integration
. In 1921, Luxembourg and Belgium formed the
Belgium?Luxembourg Economic Union
(BLEU) to create a regime of inter-exchangeable currency and a common
customs
.
[74]
Luxembourg is a member of the
Benelux Economic Union
and was one of the founding members of the European Economic Community (now the European Union). It also participates in the
Schengen Group
(named after
the Luxembourg village of Schengen
where the agreements were signed).
[24]
At the same time, the majority of Luxembourgers have consistently believed that European unity makes sense only in the context of a dynamic transatlantic relationship, and thus have traditionally pursued a pro-
NATO
, pro-US foreign policy.
[105]
Luxembourg is considered a European capital, and is the site of the
Court of Justice of the European Union
, the
European Court of Auditors
, the
European Investment Bank
, the Statistical Office of the European Union (
Eurostat
) and other vital EU organs. The
Secretariat of the European Parliament
is located in Luxembourg, but the Parliament usually meets in
Brussels
and sometimes in
Strasbourg
.
[106]
Luxembourg is also site of the
EFTA Court
, which is responsible for the three
EFTA
members who are part of the European Single Market through the
EEA Agreement
.
[107]
Military
[
edit
]
The Luxembourgish army is mostly based in its casern, the
Centre militaire Caserne Grand-Duc Jean
on the
Harebierg
in Diekirch. The general staff is based in the capital, the
Etat-Major
.
[108]
The army is under
civilian control
, with the grand duke as
Commander-in-Chief
. The
Minister for Defense
,
Yuriko Backes
, oversees army operations. The professional head of the army is the
Chief of Defense
, who answers to the minister and holds the rank of general.
Being landlocked, Luxembourg has no navy. Seventeen NATO
AWACS
airplanes are registered as aircraft of Luxembourg.
[109]
In accordance with a joint agreement with Belgium, both countries have put forth funding for one
A400M
military cargo plane.
[
citation needed
]
Luxembourg has participated in the
Eurocorps
, has contributed troops to the
UNPROFOR
and
IFOR
missions in former
Yugoslavia
, and has participated with a small contingent in the
NATO
SFOR
mission in
Bosnia and Herzegovina
. Luxembourg troops have also deployed to
Afghanistan
, to support
ISAF
. The army has also participated in humanitarian relief missions such as setting up refugee camps for
Kurds
and providing emergency supplies to Albania.
[110]
Geography
[
edit
]
Luxembourg is one of Europe's smallest countries, ranking
168th
in size of the
194 independent countries of the world
; it is about 2,586 square kilometers (998 sq mi) in size, measuring 82 km (51 mi) long and 57 km (35 mi) wide. It lies between latitudes
49°
and
51° N
, and longitudes
5°
and
7° E
.
[111]
To the east, Luxembourg borders the German
Bundeslander
of
Rhineland-Palatinate
and
Saarland
, and to the south, it borders the French
region
of
Grand Est
(
Lorraine
). The Grand Duchy borders Belgium's
Wallonia
, in particular the Belgian
provinces
of
Luxembourg
and
Liege
, part of which comprises the
German-speaking Community of Belgium
, to the west and to the north, respectively.
The northern third of the country is known as the
Eislek
or
Oesling
, and forms part of the
Ardennes
. It is dominated by hills and low mountains, including the
Kneiff
near
Wilwerdange
,
[112]
which is the highest point, at 560 meters (1,840 ft). Other mountains are the
Buurgplaatz
at 559 meters (1,834 ft) near
Huldange
and the
Napoleonsgaard
at 554 meters (1,818 ft) near
Rambrouch
. The region is sparsely populated, with only one town (
Wiltz
) with a population of more than five thousand people.
The southern two-thirds of the country is called the
Guttland
, and is more densely populated than the Eislek. It is also more diverse and can be divided into five geographic sub-regions. The
Luxembourg plateau
, in south-central Luxembourg, is a large, flat,
sandstone
formation, and the site of the city of Luxembourg.
Little Switzerland
, in the east of Luxembourg, has craggy terrain and thick forests. The
Moselle
valley is the lowest-lying region, running along the southeastern border. The
Red Lands
, in the far south and southwest, are Luxembourg's industrial heartland and home to many of Luxembourg's largest towns.
The border between Luxembourg and Germany is formed by three rivers: the
Moselle
, the
Sauer
, and the
Our
. Other major rivers are the
Alzette
, the
Attert
, the
Clerve
, and the
Wiltz
. The
valleys
of the mid-Sauer and Attert form the border between the Gutland and the Eislek.
Environment
[
edit
]
According to the 2012
Environmental Performance Index
, Luxembourg is one of the world's best performers in environmental protection, ranking 4th out of 132 assessed countries.
[113]
In 2020, it ranked second out of 180 countries.
[114]
Luxembourg also ranks 6th among the top ten most livable cities in the world by Mercer's.
[115]
The country wants to cut
GHG emissions
by 55% in 10 years and reach zero emissions by 2050. Luxembourg wants to increase its organic farming fivefold.
[116]
It had a 2019
Forest Landscape Integrity Index
mean score of 1.12/10, ranking it 164th globally out of 172 countries.
[117]
Climate
[
edit
]
Luxembourg has an
oceanic climate
(
Koppen
:
Cfb
), marked by high levels of precipitation, particularly in late summer. The summers are warm and winters cool.
[118]
Economy
[
edit
]
Luxembourg's stable and high-income
market economy
features moderate growth, low inflation, and a high level of innovation.
[119]
Unemployment is traditionally low, though it reached 6.1% by May 2012, due largely to the
2008 global financial crisis
.
[120]
In 2011, according to the
IMF
, Luxembourg was the world's second-richest country, with a per capita GDP on a purchasing-power parity (PPP) basis of $80,119.
[121]
Its GDP per capita in purchasing power standards was 261% of the EU average (100%) in 2019.
[122]
Luxembourg ranks 13th in
The Heritage Foundation
's
Index of Economic Freedom
,
[123]
26th in the United Nations
Human Development Index
, and 4th in the Economist Intelligence Unit's
quality of life index
.
[124]
It ranked 21st in the
Global Innovation Index
in 2023, down from 18th in 2020.
[125]
The industrial sector, dominated by steel until the 1960s, has since diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. During recent decades, growth in the financial sector has more than compensated for the decline in
steel production
. Services, especially banking and
finance
, account for the majority of the economic output. Luxembourg is the world's second-largest investment fund center (after the United States), the most important private banking center in the
eurozone
and Europe's leading center for reinsurance companies. Moreover, Luxembourg's government has aimed to attract Internet startups, with
Skype
and
Amazon
being two of the many Internet companies that have shifted their regional headquarters to Luxembourg. Other high-tech companies have established themselves in Luxembourg, including
3D scanner
developer/manufacturer
Artec 3D
.
[
citation needed
]
In April 2009, concern about Luxembourg's banking secrecy laws, as well as its reputation as a
tax haven
, led to its being added to a "gray list" of nations with questionable banking arrangements by the
G20
. In response, the country soon adopted OECD standards on exchange of information and was subsequently added into the category of "jurisdictions that have substantially implemented the internationally agreed tax standard".
[126]
[127]
In March 2010, the
Sunday Telegraph
reported that most of
Kim Jong Il
's $4 billion in secret accounts was in Luxembourg banks.
[128]
Amazon.co.uk also benefits from Luxembourg tax loopholes by channeling substantial U.K. revenues, as reported by
The Guardian
in April 2012.
[129]
Luxembourg ranked third on the
Tax Justice Network
's 2011
Financial Secrecy Index
of the world's major tax havens, scoring only slightly behind the
Cayman Islands
.
[130]
In 2013, Luxembourg was ranked the 2nd safest tax haven in the world, behind
Switzerland
.
In early November 2014, just days after becoming head of the
European Commission
, Luxembourg's former Prime Minister
Jean-Claude Juncker
was hit by media disclosures?derived from a document leak known as
Luxembourg Leaks
?that Luxembourg had turned into a major European center of corporate
tax avoidance
under his premiership.
[131]
Agriculture employed about 2.1% of Luxembourg's active population in 2010, when there were 2200 agricultural holdings with an average area per holding of 60 hectares.
[132]
Luxembourg has especially close trade and financial ties to Belgium and the Netherlands (see
Benelux
), and as a member of the EU it enjoys the advantages of the open European
market
.
[133]
With $171 billion in May 2015, the country ranked 11th in the world in holdings of
U.S. Treasury securities
.
[134]
However, securities owned by non-Luxembourg residents, but held in custodial accounts in Luxembourg, are included in this figure.
[135]
As of 2019
[update]
, Luxembourg's public debt totaled $15,687,000,000, or $25,554 per capita. The debt to GDP was 22.10%.
[136]
The Luxembourg labor market represents 445,000 jobs occupied by 120,000 Luxembourgers, 120,000 foreign residents and 205,000 cross-border commuters. The latter pay their taxes in Luxembourg, but their education and social rights are the responsibility of their country of residence. The same applies to pensioners. Luxembourg's government has never shared its tax revenues with the local authorities on the
French border
. This system is seen as one of the keys to Luxembourg's economic growth, but at the expense of the border countries.
[137]
Transport
[
edit
]
Luxembourg has road, rail and air transport facilities and services. The road network has been significantly modernized in recent years with 165 km (103 mi)
[138]
of motorways connecting the capital to adjacent countries. The advent of the high-speed
TGV
link to Paris has led to renovation of the city's
railway station
and a new passenger terminal at
Luxembourg Airport
was opened in 2008.
[139]
Luxembourg City reintroduced
trams
in December 2017 and there are plans to open
light-rail
lines in adjacent areas within the next few years.
[140]
There are 681 cars per 1000 persons in Luxembourg?higher than most of other
states
, and surpassed by the
United States
,
Canada
,
Australia
,
New Zealand
,
Iceland
, and other small states like
Principality of Monaco
,
San Marino
,
Liechtenstein
, the
British overseas territory of Gibraltar
, and
Brunei
.
[141]
On 29 February 2020, Luxembourg became the first country to introduce
no-charge public transportation
, which will be almost completely funded by public expenditure.
[142]
Communications
[
edit
]
The
telecommunications industry
in Luxembourg is liberalized and the electronic communications networks are significantly developed. Competition between the different operators is guaranteed by the legislative framework Paquet Telecom
[143]
of the Government of 2011 which transposes the European Telecom Directives into Luxembourgish law. This encourages the investment in networks and services. The regulator ILR ? Institut Luxembourgeois de Regulation
[144]
ensures the compliance to these legal rules.
[
citation needed
]
Luxembourg has modern and widely deployed optical fiber and cable networks throughout the country. In 2010, the Luxembourg Government launched its National strategy for very high-speed networks with the aim to become a global leader in terms of very high-speed broadband by achieving full 1 Gbit/s coverage of the country by 2020.
[145]
In 2011, Luxembourg had an
NGA
coverage of 75%.
[146]
In April 2013 Luxembourg featured the 6th highest download speed worldwide and the 2nd highest in Europe: 32,46 Mbit/s.
[147]
The country's location in Central Europe, stable economy and low taxes favour the telecommunication industry.
[148]
[149]
[150]
It ranks 2nd in the world in the development of the Information and Communication Technologies in the ITU ICT Development Index and 8th in the Global Broadband Quality Study 2009 by the
University of Oxford
and the
University of Oviedo
.
[151]
[152]
[153]
[154]
Luxembourg is connected to all major European Internet Exchanges (AMS-IX Amsterdam,
[155]
DE-CIX Frankfurt,
[156]
LINX London),
[157]
datacenters and POPs through redundant optical networks.
[158]
[159]
[160]
[161]
[162]
In addition, the country is connected to the virtual meetme room services (vmmr)
[163]
of the international data hub operator Ancotel.
[164]
This enables Luxembourg to interconnect with all major telecommunication operators
[165]
and data carriers worldwide. The interconnection points are in Frankfurt, London, New York and Hong Kong.
[166]
Luxembourg has established itself as one of the leading
financial technology
(FinTech) hubs in Europe, with the Luxembourg government supporting initiatives like the Luxembourg House of Financial Technology.
[167]
Some 20 data centers
[168]
[169]
[170]
are operating in Luxembourg. Six data centers are Tier IV Design certified: three of ebrc,
[171]
two of LuxConnect
[172]
[173]
and one of European Data Hub.
[174]
In a survey on nine international data centers carried out in December 2012 and January 2013 and measuring availability (up-time) and performance (delay by which the data from the requested website was received), the top three positions were held by Luxembourg data centers.
[175]
[176]
Demographics
[
edit
]
Largest towns
[
edit
]
Largest cities or towns in Luxembourg
2023
|
|
Rank
|
Name
|
Canton
|
Municipal pop.
|
|
Luxembourg
Esch-sur-Alzette
|
1
|
Luxembourg
|
Luxembourg Canton
|
132,780
|
Differdange
Dudelange
|
2
|
Esch-sur-Alzette
|
Esch-sur-Alzette Canton
|
36,625
|
3
|
Differdange
|
Esch-sur-Alzette Canton
|
29,536
|
4
|
Dudelange
|
Esch-sur-Alzette Canton
|
21,952
|
5
|
Petange
|
Esch-sur-Alzette Canton
|
20,563
|
6
|
Sanem
|
Esch-sur-Alzette Canton
|
18,333
|
7
|
Hesperange
|
Luxembourg Canton
|
16,433
|
8
|
Bettembourg
|
Esch-sur-Alzette Canton
|
11,422
|
9
|
Schifflange
|
Esch-sur-Alzette Canton
|
11,363
|
10
|
Kaerjeng
|
Capellen Canton
|
11,015
|
Ethnicity
[
edit
]
Largest groups of immigrants (2023):
[177]
- Portugal
(92,101)
- France
(49,104)
- Italy
(24,676)
- Belgium
(19,205)
- Germany
(12,678)
- Spain
(9,068)
- Romania
(6,625)
- Ukraine
(5,238)
- Poland
(5,130)
- India
(4,657)
|
The people of Luxembourg are called
Luxembourgers
.
[178]
The immigrant population increased in the 20th century due to the arrival of immigrants from
Belgium
, France, Italy, Germany, and
Portugal
; the latter comprised the largest group. In 2013 about 88,000 Luxembourg inhabitants possessed
Portuguese
nationality.
[179]
In 2013, there were 537,039 permanent residents, 44.5% of which were of foreign background or foreign nationals; the largest foreign ethnic groups were the Portuguese, comprising 16.4% of the total population, followed by the French (6.6%), Italians (3.4%), Belgians (3.3%) and Germans (2.3%). Another 6.4% were of other EU background, while the remaining 6.1% were of other non-EU, but largely other European, background.
[180]
Since the beginning of the
Yugoslav wars
, Luxembourg has seen many immigrants from
Bosnia and Herzegovina
,
Montenegro
, and
Serbia
. Annually, over 10,000 new immigrants arrive in Luxembourg, mostly from the EU states, as well as Eastern Europe. In 2000 there were 162,000 immigrants in Luxembourg, accounting for 37% of the total population. There were an estimated 5,000 illegal immigrants in Luxembourg in 1999.
[181]
Language
[
edit
]
Luxembourg does not have any "official" languages per se. As determined by the 1984 Language Regimen Act (French:
Loi sur le regime des langues
),
Luxembourgish
is the sole
national language
of the Luxembourgish people.
[13]
It is considered the mother tongue or "language of the heart" for Luxembourgers and the language they generally use to speak or write to each other. Luxembourgish as well as the dialects in adjacent Germany belong to the
Moselle Franconian
subgroup of the main
West Central German
dialect group, which are largely mutually intelligible across the border, but Luxembourgish also has more than 5,000 words of French origin.
[182]
[183]
Knowledge of Luxembourgish is a criterion for
naturalisation
.
[184]
In addition to Luxembourgish,
French
and
German
are used in administrative and judicial matters, making all three
administrative languages
of Luxembourg.
[13]
Per article 4 of the law promulgated in 1984, if a citizen asks a question in Luxembourgish, German or French, the administration must reply, as far as possible, in the language in which the question was asked.
[13]
Luxembourg is largely multilingual: as of 2012
[update]
, 52% of citizens claimed Luxembourgish as their native language, 16.4%
Portuguese
, 16% French, 2% German and 13.6% different languages (mostly
English
,
Italian
or
Spanish
).
[185]
[186]
Even though French was the mother tongue of only 16% of residents in Luxembourg (placing 3rd), 98% of its citizens were able to speak it to a high level.
[187]
The vast majority of Luxembourg residents are able to speak it as a second or third language.
[188]
As of 2018
[update]
, much of the population was able to speak multiple other languages: 80% of citizens reported being able to hold a conversation in English, 78% in German and 77% in Luxembourgish, claiming these languages as their respective second, third or fourth language.
[187]
Each of the three official languages is used as a primary language in certain spheres of everyday life, without being exclusive. Luxembourgish is the language that Luxembourgers generally use to speak and write to each other, and there has been a recent
[
when?
]
increase in the production of novels and movies in the language.
[
citation needed
]
At the same time, the numerous expatriate workers (approximately 44% of the population) generally do not use it to speak to each other.
[189]
Most official business and written communication is carried out in French, which is also the language mostly used for public communication, with written official statements, advertising displays and road signs generally in French. Due to the historical influence of the Napoleonic Code on the legal system of the Grand Duchy, French is also the sole language of the legislation and generally the preferred language of the government, administration and justice. Parliamentary debates are mostly conducted in Luxembourgish, whereas written government communications and official documents (e.g. administrative or judicial decisions, passports, etc.) are drafted mostly in French and sometimes additionally in German.
[
citation needed
]
Although professional life is largely multilingual, French is described by private sector business leaders as the main working language of their companies (56%), followed by Luxembourgish (20%), English (18%), and German (6%).
[190]
German is very often used in much of the media along with French and is considered by most Luxembourgers their second language. This is mostly due to the high similarity of German to Luxembourgish but also because it is the first language taught to children in primary school (language of literacy acquisition).
[191]
Due to the large
community of Portuguese origin
, the Portuguese language is fairly prevalent in Luxembourg, though it remains limited to the relationships inside this community. Portuguese has no official status, but the administration sometimes makes certain informative documents available in Portuguese.
[
citation needed
]
Even though Luxembourg is largely multilingual today, some people claim that Luxembourg is subject of intense
francization
and that Luxembourgish and German are in danger of disappearing in the country, making Luxembourg either a unilingual Francophone country, or at best a bilingual French- and English-speaking country sometime in the far future.
[192]
[193]
[188]
Religion
[
edit
]
Luxembourg is a
secular state
, but the state recognizes certain religions as officially mandated religions. This gives the state a hand in religious administration and appointment of clergy, in exchange for which the state pays certain running costs and wages. Religions covered by such arrangements are
Catholicism
,
Judaism
,
Greek Orthodoxy
,
Anglicanism
,
Russian Orthodoxy
,
Lutheranism
,
Calvinism
,
Mennonitism
, and
Islam
.
[194]
Since 1980, it has been illegal for the government to collect statistics on religious beliefs or practices.
[195]
A 2000 estimate by the
CIA Factbook
is that 87% of Luxembourgers are Catholic, including the grand ducal family, with the remaining 13% being Protestants, Orthodox Christians, Jews, Muslims, and those of other or no religion.
[196]
According to a 2010
Pew Research Center
study, 70.4% are Christian, 2.3% Muslim, 26.8% unaffiliated, and 0.5% other religions.
[197]
According to a 2005
Eurobarometer
poll,
[198]
44% of Luxembourg citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 28% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force", and 22% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force".
Education
[
edit
]
Luxembourg's education system
is trilingual: the first years of primary school are in Luxembourgish, before changing to German; while in secondary school, the language of instruction changes to French.
[199]
Proficiency in all three languages is required for graduation from secondary school, but half the students leave school without a certified qualification, with the children of immigrants being particularly disadvantaged.
[200]
In addition to the three national languages, English is taught in compulsory schooling and much of the population of Luxembourg can speak English. The past two decades have highlighted the growing importance of English in several sectors, in particular the financial sector. Portuguese, the language of the largest immigrant community, is also spoken by large segments of the population, but by relatively few from outside the Portuguese-speaking community.
[201]
The
University of Luxembourg
is the only university based in Luxembourg. In 2014,
Luxembourg School of Business
, a graduate business school, was created through private initiative and received the accreditation from the Ministry of Higher Education and Research of Luxembourg in 2017.
[202]
[203]
Two American universities maintain satellite campuses in the country:
Miami University
(
Dolibois European Center
) and
Sacred Heart University
(
Luxembourg Campus
).
[204]
Health
[
edit
]
According to data from the
World Health Organization
, healthcare spending on behalf of the government of Luxembourg topped $4.1 Billion, amounting to about $8,182 for each citizen in the nation.
[205]
[206]
The nation of Luxembourg collectively spent nearly 7% of its
Gross Domestic Product
on health, placing it among the highest spending countries on health services and related programs in 2010 among other well-off nations in Europe with high average income among its population.
[207]
Culture
[
edit
]
Luxembourg has been heavily influenced by the culture of its neighbors. It retains a number of folk traditions, having been for much of its history a profoundly rural country. There are several notable museums, located mostly in the capital. These include the
National Museum of History and Art
(NMHA), the
Luxembourg City History Museum
, and the new
Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art
(Mudam). The
National Museum of Military History (MNHM)
in Diekirch is especially known for its representations of the
Battle of the Bulge
. The
Historic city of Luxembourg city including its fortification
is part of the
UNESCO
World Heritage List
, on account of the historical importance of its fortifications.
[208]
[
unreliable source?
]
The country has produced some internationally known artists, including the painters
Theo Kerg
,
Joseph Kutter
and
Michel Majerus
, and photographer
Edward Steichen
, whose
The Family of Man
exhibition has been placed on UNESCO's
Memory of the World
register, and is now permanently housed in
Clervaux
. Editor and author
Hugo Gernsback
, whose publications crystallized the concept of
science fiction
, was born in Luxembourg City. Movie star
Loretta Young
was of Luxembourgish descent.
[209]
Luxembourg was a founding participant of the
Eurovision Song Contest
, and participated every year between
1956
and before it was relegated after the
1993
competition, with the exception of 1959. Although Luxembourg was free to participate again in
1995
, it chose not to return to the competition before
2024
. It has won the competition a total of five times,
1961
,
1965
,
1972
,
1973
and
1983
and hosted the contest in
1962
,
1966
,
1973
, and
1984
. Only nine of its 38 entries before 2024, and none of its five winning entries, were performed by
Luxembourgish
artists.
[210]
On its
2024
return, this was, however, with a particular emphasis on promoting music and artists from Luxembourg.
[211]
Luxembourg was the first city to be named
European Capital of Culture
twice. The first time was in 1995. In 2007, the European Capital of Culture was to be a cross-border area consisting of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Rheinland-Pfalz and Saarland in Germany, the Walloon Region and the German-speaking part of Belgium, and the
Lorraine
area in France.
[212]
The event was an attempt to promote mobility and the exchange of ideas, crossing borders physically, psychologically, artistically and emotionally.
[
citation needed
]
Luxembourg was represented at the World
Expo 2010
in Shanghai, China, from 1 May to 31 October 2010 with its own pavilion.
[213]
[214]
The pavilion, designed as a forest and fortress, was based on the transliteration of the word Luxembourg into Chinese, "Lus?nb?o", which when directly translated, means "forest and fortress". It represented Luxembourg as the "Green Heart in Europe".
[215]
Sports
[
edit
]
Unlike most countries in Europe, sports in Luxembourg are not concentrated upon a particular
national sport
, but instead encompass a number of sports, both team and individual. Despite the lack of a central sporting focus, over 100,000 people in Luxembourg, out of a total population of 660,000, are licensed members of one sports federation or another.
[216]
The
Stade de Luxembourg
, situated in
Gasperich
, southern
Luxembourg City
, is the country's
national stadium
and largest sports venue in the country with a capacity of 9,386 for sporting events, including football and rugby union, and 15,000 for concerts.
[217]
The largest
indoor venue
in the country is
d'Coque
,
Kirchberg
, north-eastern
Luxembourg City
, which has a capacity of 8,300. The arena is used for
basketball
,
handball
,
gymnastics
, and
volleyball
, including the final of the
2007 Women's European Volleyball Championship
.
[218]
Hess Cycling Team
is a Luxembourgish women's road cycling team.
[219]
Cuisine
[
edit
]
Luxembourg cuisine reflects its position on the border between the Latin and Germanic worlds, being heavily influenced by the cuisines of neighboring France and Germany. More recently,
[
when?
]
it has been enriched by its many Italian and Portuguese immigrants.
[
citation needed
]
Most native Luxembourg dishes, consumed as the traditional daily fare, share roots in the country's folk dishes, the same as in neighboring
Germany
.
[220]
Luxembourg sells the most alcohol in Europe per capita.
[221]
However, the large proportion of alcohol purchased by customers from neighboring countries contributes to the statistically high level of alcohol sales per capita; this level of alcohol sales is thus not representative of the actual alcohol consumption of the Luxembourg population.
[222]
Luxembourg has the second highest number of
Michelin-starred
restaurants per capita with Japan ranked at number one and Switzerland following Luxembourg at number three.
[223]
Media
[
edit
]
The main languages of media in Luxembourg are French and German. The newspaper with the largest circulation is the German-language daily
Luxemburger Wort
.
[224]
Because of the strong multilingualism in Luxembourg, newspapers often alternate articles in French and articles in German, without translation. In addition, there are both English and Portuguese radio and national print publications, but accurate audience figures are difficult to gauge since the national media survey by ILRES is conducted in French.
[225]
Luxembourg is known in Europe for its radio and television stations (
Radio Luxembourg
and
RTL Group
). It is also the uplink home of
SES
, carrier of major European satellite services for Germany and Britain.
[226]
Due to a 1988 law that established a special tax scheme for audiovisual investment, the film and co-production in Luxembourg has grown steadily.
[227]
There are some 30 registered production companies in Luxembourg.
[228]
[229]
Luxembourg won an
Oscar
in 2014 in the
Animated Short Films
category with
Mr Hublot
.
[230]
Notable Luxembourgers
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Informational notes
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
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Works cited
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Further reading
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Links to related articles
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Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.
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Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.
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Oceanic islands
within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.
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Governed by the
Holy See
which has sovereignty over Vatican City.
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