Several
linguistic
issues have arisen in relation to the spelling of the words
euro
and
cent
in the many languages of the member states of the
European Union
, as well as in relation to
grammar
and the formation of
plurals
.
In official documents, the name "euro" must be used for the nominative singular in all languages, though different alphabets are taken into account and plural forms and
declensions
are accepted. In documents other than EU legal texts, including national legislation, other spellings are accepted according to the various grammatical rules of the respective language.
[1]
[2]
[3]
For European Union legislation, the spelling of the words for the currency is prescribed for each language; in the English-language version of European Union legislation the forms "euro" and "cent" are used invariantly in the singular and plural, even though this departs from
usual
English practice for currencies.
[4]
Written conventions for the euro in the languages of EU member states
[
edit
]
Euro conventions
|
€
[a]
|
Language
|
Amount notation
(
€
usage)
|
Euro
|
Eurocent
|
Pronunciations (in
IPA
)
|
|
Basque
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
6 euro
|
zentimoa
|
6 zentimo
|
[?ew.?o]
|
?s?entimoa
?s?entimo
|
|
Bulgarian
|
6,00 €
|
евро
|
10 евро
|
евроцент
цент
|
6 евроцента
10 цента
|
[??v.ro]
[?v??o]
|
??v.rots?nt
|
|
Catalan
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
10 euros
|
centim
|
10 centims
|
[??w.?u]
[??w.?o]
[?ew.?o]
|
?s?n.tim
|
|
Croatian
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
euri
10 eura
x1, xx1 euro
but x11, xx11 eura
|
cent
eurocent
|
10 centi
x1 cent
but x11 centi
(x)2, (x)3, (x)4 centa
but(x)12, (x)13, (x)14 centi
[b]
|
[?euro]
|
?tsent
|
|
Czech
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
2, 3, 4 eura
5 eur
|
cent
|
2, 3, 4, centy
5 cent?
[b]
|
[??u.ro]
|
ts?nt
|
|
Danish
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
6 euro
|
cent
|
6 cent
|
[?œ??.?o]
[?e??.?o]
[??j.?o]
|
s?n?d?
|
|
Dutch
[5]
|
€ 6,00 (
BE
,
NL
)
|
euro
|
6 euro
|
cent
|
6 cent
|
[?øːroː]
[??ːroː]
|
s?nt
|
|
English
|
€6.00 (
IE
,
MT
)
|
euro
|
10 euros
10 euro (
IE
)
|
cent
|
10 Euro Cents
10 euro cent (
IE
)
|
;
[6]
|
s?nts
s?nt
|
|
Estonian
|
6.00 €
|
euro
|
1 euro
6 eurot
[c]
|
sent
|
1 sent
6 senti
[c]
|
[?eu?ro]
[?eu?rot]
|
?sent
?senti
|
|
Finnish
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
6 euroa
[c]
|
sentti
|
10 senttia
[c]
|
[?eu?ro]
[?eu?.ro.?]
|
?sentːi
?sentːi.æ
|
|
French
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
10 euros
|
cent
centime
|
10 cents
10 centimes
|
[ø??o]
|
s??,
s?nt
s???tim
|
|
Galician
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
10 euros
|
centimo
|
6 centimos
|
[?ew.??(s)]
?ew.?[o
~
?](s)
|
?θ?ntimo(s)
?s?ntimo(s)
|
|
German
|
6,00 € (
BE
,
DE
)
€ 6,00 (
AT
)
[7]
|
Euro
|
6 Euro
|
Cent
|
6 Cent
|
[????o]
[8]
|
ts?nt
s?nt
|
|
Greek
|
6,00 € (
GR
)
€6.00 (
CY
)
|
ευρ?
|
10 ευρ?
|
λεπτ? (
GR
)
σεντ (
CY
)
|
10 λεπτ?
10 σεντ
|
[ev?ro]
|
lep?to
/
lep?ta
sent
|
|
Hungarian
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
6 euro
|
cent
|
6 cent
|
[??uroː]
|
?ts?nt
|
|
Irish
|
€6.00
|
euro
|
6 euro
|
cent
|
6 cent
|
[j??o?]
|
s?nt
|
|
Italian
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
6 euro
|
centesimo
|
6 centesimi
|
[??uro]
|
t?en?teːzimo
|
|
Latvian
|
6,00 €
|
eiro
|
6 eiro
|
cents
|
1 cents
6 centi
|
[??ir?ː]
|
tsents
|
|
Lithuanian
|
6,00 €
|
euras
|
2 eurai
10 eur?
21 euras
|
centas
|
2 centai
10 cent?
21 centas
|
[???r?s]
|
?t?s??nt?s
|
|
Luxembourgish
|
€6,00
|
Euro
|
6 Euro
|
Centime
|
6 Centimen
|
[????oː]
|
?s??ːtim
?s??ːtim?n
|
|
Maltese
|
€6.00
|
ewro
|
6 ewro
|
?ente?mu
|
6 ?ente?mi
11 to 19-il ?ente?mu
from 20 onwards ?ente?mu
|
[??u?ro]
|
t?en?t?zmu
|
|
Polish
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
6 euro
|
cent
|
6 centow
x2, x3, x4 centy
except x12, x13, x14 centow
[b]
|
[??w.r?]
|
ts?nt
?ts?n.t?
ts?n.tuf
|
|
Portuguese
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
6 euros
|
centimo/centavo
|
6 centimos/centavos
|
[?ew.??(?)]
[?ew.?u(?)]
|
?s?t?mu(?)
?s?tavu(?)
|
|
Romanian
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
6 euro
|
cent
eurocent
|
6 cen?i
10 eurocen?i
|
[?e.uro]
|
t??ent
,
?e.uro?t??ent
t??ent?s?
,
?e.uro?t??ent?s?
|
|
Slovak
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
1 euro
2, 3, 4 eura
5, 6, 7... eur
|
cent
|
2, 3, 4 centy
5 centov
[b]
|
[??.??]
|
ts?nt
|
|
Slovene
|
6,00 €
|
evro
|
1 evro
2 evra
3, 4 evri
5+ evrov
|
cent
|
1 cent
2 centa
3, 4 centi
5+ centov
[b]
|
[?eu?.r?]
[?eu?.ra]
[?eu?.ri]
[?eu?.r?u?]
|
ts?nt
?ts?n.ta
?ts?n.ti
?ts?n.t?u?
|
|
Spanish
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
6 euros
|
centimo
|
6 centimos
|
[eu.?o(s)]
|
?θent?imo(s)
?sent?imo(s)
|
|
Swedish
|
6,00 €
|
euro
|
6 euro
|
cent
|
6 cent
|
[??u.?o]
(
FI
)
[??v.?o]
,
[??u.?o]
(
SE
)
|
sent
(FI)
s?nt
(SE)
|
|
Turkish
|
€6,00
|
avro
|
6 avro
|
sent
|
6 sent
|
['av?o]
|
sænt
|
- ^
The language is not only an official language in a
eurozone
member state, but has also been accepted as an official language for use in
EU institutions
, meaning there are official spellings in EU documents and on EU websites. Some languages may be official in their eurozone
member state
but have not been accepted as official in the EU. This is the case for Turkish, an official language in
Cyprus
but not an official language in EU institutions, and for Luxembourgish, an official language in
Luxembourg
but also not an official language in EU institutions. Also included in this table are some languages which are official only at the sub-national level (Basque, Catalan, and Galician in Spain).
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
In most Slavic languages numerals are sometimes followed by the genitive case instead of the nominative.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Partitive
singular
. Most languages use a plural or immutable singular with numbers, but Estonian and Finnish use the
partitive case
.
Languages of the European Union
[
edit
]
Bulgarian
[
edit
]
Bulgarian
uses
Cyrillic
. The 1st series of
euro banknotes
had the word
euro
written in
Latin
and
Greek
alphabets. The
Europa series
introduced Cyrillic, adopting the spelling
ЕВРО
, as described below.
When Bulgaria issues Euro coins, if the Greek model is followed, the alternative spelling will go on the national (
obverse
) side.
In popular Bulgarian usage the currency is referred to as
евро
[??vro]
and, less often,
[?v?r?]
(from Bulgarian Европа
[?v?r?p?]
, meaning
Europe
); the plural varies in spoken language ?
евро
,
евра
[?v?ra]
,
еврота
[??vrot?]
? but the most widespread form is евро ? without inflection in plural. The word for euro, though, has a normal form with the postpositive
definite article
?
еврото
(the euro).
The word for eurocent is
евроцент
[??vrot?s?nt]
and most probably that, or only цент
[?t?s?nt]
, will be used in future when the European currency is accepted in Bulgaria. In contrast to euro, the word for "cent" has a full inflection both in the definite and the plural form:
евроцент
(basic form),
евроцентът
(full definite article ? postpositive),
евроцентове
(plural), 2
евроцента
(numerative form ? after numerals). The word
stotinki
(
стотинки
), singular
stotinka
(
стотинка
), the name of the subunit of the current Bulgarian currency can be used in place of cent, as it has become a synonym of the word "coins" in colloquial Bulgarian; just like "cent" (from Latin
centum
), its
etymology
is from a word meaning hundred ? "sto" (сто).
Stotinki
is used widely in the Bulgarian diaspora in Europe to refer to subunits of currencies other than the
Bulgarian lev
.
Initially, the
ECB
and the
European Commission
insisted that Bulgaria change the name it uses for the currency from
ЕВРО
to
ЕУРО
, claiming the currency should have an official and standard spelling across the EU. Bulgaria on the other hand stated that it wants to take into account the different alphabet and the principle of phonetic orthography in the Bulgarian language.
[9]
The issue was decisively resolved in favour of Bulgaria at the
2007 EU Summit
in
Lisbon
, allowing Bulgaria to use the Cyrillic spelling евро on all official EU documents.
[10]
[11]
As of 13 December 2007, all EU institutions ? including the
ECB
? use
ЕВРО
as the official Bulgarian transliteration of the single European currency. The Bulgarian spelling Evro
ЕВРО
is spelt with a v because it is derived from the name Европа/Evropa (Europe).
Of other national Slavic languages using the Cyrillic alphabet,
Macedonian
,
Russian
and
Serbian
also use the spelling
евро
. In Serbian, this is used alongside the Latin spelling
euro
as the language uses both alphabets.
Bosnian
and
Montenegrin
also use both alphabets and use
еуро
/
euro
(
pronounced
[?uro]
) like
Croatian
(which uses only Latin).
Ukrainian
uses
?вро
and
Belarusian
uses
е?ра
/
э?ра
.
Croatian
[
edit
]
In
Croatian
the euro and cent are called
euro
and
cent
(occasionally the word
eurocent
is used instead of
cent
to distinguish the euro denomination versus its foreign counterparts).
Plural forms are, like in many Slavic languages, somewhat complex. The general plural form of euro is
euri
, but the
paucal
or identically written (but not identically pronounced) genitive plural
eura
is used with all numbers, thus
27 eura
. The numbers ending in 1 (e.g. 21 or 101) take the nominative singular, the exception being numbers ending in 11 (e.g. 11 or 111). The examples are:
21 euro
,
101 euro
,
11 eura
, and
111 eura
respectively.
The general plural form of cent is
centi
and it is used with most numbers. The numbers ending in 1, except for those ending in 11, take the nominative singular
cent
, while those ending in 2, 3 and 4 except 12, 13 or 14 take the paucal
centa
. The examples are:
1 cent
,
4 centa
,
7 centi
,
10 centi
,
11 centi
,
12 centi
,
22 centa
,
27 centi
,
31 cent
,
101 cent
,
102 centa
,
111 centi
.
Both
euro
and
cent
in Croatian are of
masculine gender
.
Pronunciation follows the rules of Croatian.
Euro
is pronounced
[?uro]
, while
cent
is pronounced
[tsent]
.
Czech
[
edit
]
In
Czech
, the words
euro
and
cent
are spelt the same as in English and pronounced per Czech phonology
[??uro]
,
[ts?nt]
. Occasionally the word
eurocent
is used instead of
cent
to distinguish the euro denomination versus its foreign counterparts. The spelling differs from the Czech word for Europe (
Evropa
); however "euro-" has become a standard prefix for all things relating to the EU (
Evropska unie
).
The
Czech declension
uses different form of
plural
for various numerals: for 2, 3 and 4, it is plain
nominative
eura
and
centy
, while for numbers above 5,
genitive
(a vestige of
partitive
)
eur
and
cent?
is used.
For compound numerals, there are two variants: either genitive plural is used (
21 eur
,
22 eur
) or the form is determined by the unit part of the numeral (
21 euro
,
22 eura
). The partitive genitive is used only when the whole numeral phrase is in nominative or accusative phrases, otherwise the expected case is used:
sedm eur
(7 euros-genitive), but
se sedmi eury
(with seven-instrumental euro-instrumental). Moreover, these otherwise common declensions are often ignored and non-declined
euro
is used for every value (
22 euro
), even though this form is
proscribed
.
In Czech
euro
is of
neuter gender
and inflected as
m?sto
, while
cent
is masculine and inflected as
hrad
.
Danish
[
edit
]
The word
euro
is included in the 2002 version of
Retskrivningsordbogen
,
[12]
the authoritative source for the
Danish language
(according to Danish law). Two plurals are given,
euro
when referring to an amount, and
euroer
when referring to coins. Both
cent
and
eurocent
are mentioned; the plural and singular forms are identical.
Danish words of Greek origin containing the sequence
eu
are traditionally pronounced with [œ??], e.g.
Zeus, terapeut, eutanasi, Europa
. However, in the word
Europa
, a newer pronunciation with [e??] has gained ground in recent years, but this has not influenced the way
euro
is commonly pronounced.
[
citation needed
]
Dutch
[
edit
]
Plural:
In
Dutch
, most abstract
units of measurement
are not pluralised, including the former
Dutch guilder
(
gulden
in Dutch) and
Belgian franc
(called
frank
in Dutch), and now the euro. An amount such as €5 is pronounced
5 euro
. This coincides with EU legislation stating that
euro
and
cent
should be used as both singular and plural. In Dutch, the words are however pluralised as
euro's
and
centen
when referring to individual coins.
The euro is divided into 100
cent
, as was the guilder. The Belgian franc was divided into 100
centiemen
. The word
eurocent
is sometimes used
[13]
[14]
to distinguish it from the cents of other currencies, such as the
dollarcent
,
[15]
but originally mainly to differentiate it from what used to be 0.01 guilder, also called "cent".
Pronunciation:
The word
euro
is
/?øːroː/
phonemically. This can be pronounced the same phonetically, but commonly also as
[??ːroː]
,
[??ːro?]
, and others depending on the dialect and speaker (see
Dutch phonology
).
Slang terms:
In the Netherlands, slang terms that were previously applied to guilder coinage and banknotes are sometimes applied to euro currency. Examples in the Netherlands include
stuiver
for 5 cents,
dubbeltje
for 10 cents.
[16]
However, the word
kwartje
(quarter), previously used for a guilder coin worth ?0.25, did not survive the introduction of the euro, which lacks a coin worth €0.25. Another popular slang term is the plural form
euri
(
/?øːri/
) (or even the
double plural
euries
(
/?øːris/
)), a deliberate
hypercorrect
form referring to the plural of Dutch words of Latin or Italian origin.
[17]
In Belgium, some
Flemings
refer to the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins as
koper
, which is the Dutch word for copper, the metal these coins are made of (compare
nickel
). Another nickname is "ros" (
"redhead"
) or "roskes" ("little redheads"), referring to the colour of the coins.
Syntax:
In Dutch language print, the
euro sign
(€) is chiefly placed before the amount, from which it is often separated by a (thin) space.
[5]
This was also the case with the
florin sign
(?).
English
[
edit
]
In the English-language version of European Union legislation, the unit
euro
, without an
s
, is used for both singular and plural. However, the plural
euros
is also in everyday use.
[18]
Many style guides such as those from the
Associated Press
[19]
and
The Economist
[20]
specify the plural
euros
, and major dictionaries describe it as the most common form.
[21]
[22]
[23]
Official practice for
English-language
EU legislation (not necessarily in national legislation
[1]
) is to use the words
euro
and
cent
as both singular and plural.
[4]
This practice originally arose out of legislation intended to ensure that the banknotes were uncluttered with a string of plurals. Because the
s
-less plurals had become "enshrined" in EU legislation, the Commission decided to retain those plurals in English in legislation even while allowing regular plurals in other languages.
[24]
The
Directorate-General for Translation's
English Style Guide
(a handbook for authors and translators working for the European Commission) previously recommended the use of regular plurals where appropriate, but as of May 2019, states that no
s
should be used.
[25]
Prior to 2006, the inter-institutional style guide recommended use of
euro
and
cent
without the plural
s
, and the translation style guide recommended use of invariant plurals (without
s
) when amending or referring to original legislation but use of regular plurals in documents intended for the general public.
[26]
In Ireland
[
edit
]
As the euro was being adopted in Ireland, the
Department of Finance
decided to use the word
euro
as both the singular and plural forms of the currency.
[27]
[28]
Some media outlets, including the national broadcaster RTE, followed suit.
[29]
However,
euros
is also acceptable.
[30]
The print media still frequently uses "euro" for plural amounts,
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
although use of "euros" is also common.
[35]
Slang terms:
As in the Netherlands, slang terms that were previously applied to
punts
have been carried over to the euro currency. For example,
quid
(same in singular and plural), which once referred to an Irish pound (and in the UK still refers to a
British pound
) is used as a synonym for
euro
. Also,
fiver
and
tenner
, which once referred to five and ten pounds respectively, now refer to five and ten euro – either in the sense of the specific
€5
and
€10
banknotes, or in the broader sense of an equivalent sum of money.
In English-speaking countries outside Europe
[
edit
]
The term
euro-cent
is sometimes used
[
citation needed
]
in countries (such as Australia, Canada, and the United States) which also have "cent" as a currency subdivision, to distinguish them from their local coin. This usage, though unofficial, is mirrored on the coins themselves, which have the words
EURO
and
CENT
displayed on the common side.
Estonian
[
edit
]
| This section is empty.
You can help by
adding to it
.
(
August 2021
)
|
Finnish
[
edit
]
The
Finnish
pronunciation for "euro" is
[?eu?ro]
. In Finnish, the form
sentti
[?sentːi]
is used for the cent ? the letter 'c' is generally not used in Finnish, and nativized Finnish words cannot end in consonant combinations like '-nt', therefore an extra vowel '
i
' is added.
euro
and
sentti
are declined like many other existing words ending in
-o
and
-i
, and
sentti
displays
consonant gradation
(genitive
euron
,
sen
t
in
). With numerals, the
partitive
singulars
euroa
and
senttia
are used, e.g.,
10 euroa
. This is abbreviated
10 €
, where the
€
symbol takes the role of the word
euroa
(never *
€10
or *
10€
). The colon notation (
€:a
) must not be used with the partitive of
euro
when the number is in the nominative. In general, colon notation should be avoided and, for example, one should write
euron
or
euroa
instead of
€:n
or
€:a
.
Plurals (e.g.,
kymmenet eurot
"tens of euros") exist, but they are not used with singular numbers (e.g.,
kymmenen euroa
"ten euro").
Sentti
is problematic in that its primary meaning in colloquial language is "centimeter". Thus, the officially recommended abbreviation of
sentti
is
snt
, although Finnish merchants generally use a decimal notation (for example
0,35 €
).
Slang terms:
In
Helsinki slang
, a common nickname for euro is
ege
. In
Tampere
slang
Eero
, a common male name, may be used for euro.
French
[
edit
]
In French, the singular is
un euro
(masculine). The official plural is the same as the regular plural
euros
.
The
Academie francaise
, which is regarded as an authority for the French language in France, stated this clearly,
[36]
following French legislation in this regard.
[37]
In France, the word
centime
is far more common than
cent
and is recommended by the
Academie francaise
.
[38]
Centime
used to be a hundredth of the
French franc
which is now called
centime de franc
. The word
cent
(plural
cents
, both pronounced
[s?nt]
to avoid the confusion with
cent
(100) pronounced
[s??]
) is the official term to be used in the French-language version of community legislation.
[4]
Before its use in relation to the euro, the word "cent" (pronounced as in English,
[s?nt]
) was best known to European Francophones as a hundredth of a dollar (U.S., Canadian, etc.)
French-speaking Belgians use
cent
more often than
centime
because
[
citation needed
]
centime
coins for the Belgian franc (worth, on 1 January 1999 about three U.S. cents) rarely circulated (only a 50 centime coin was still being issued) and because
[
citation needed
]
of the influence of Dutch and English, which are more commonly used in Belgium than in France as a result of
Belgium's language diversity
.
German
[
edit
]
Plural:
In German,
Euro
and
Euro
are used as both singular and plural when following a numeral, as is the case with all units of measurement of masculine (e.g.
Meter
,
Dollar
) or neuter gender (e.g.
Kilo[gramm]
, etc.). However, when talking about individual coins, the plurals
Euros
and
Cents
are used.
[39]
[40]
The only other marked case is the genitive singular, which is
(des) Euros
or, alternatively,
des Euro
.
Pronunciation:
The beginning of the word
Euro
is pronounced in German with the diphthong
[??]
, which sounds similar to
[??]
, the 'oi' in the English word "oil".
[8]
The spelling of the word
Cent
is not well adapted to German spelling conventions because these strive to avoid ambiguous letter-sound correspondences. Initial letter C is often used in
loanwords
and corresponds to various pronunciations depending on the language of origin (e.g. [s] in
Centime
,
[t?]
in
Cello
,
[ts]
in
Celsius
and [k] in
Cafe
). Most of these words are therefore eventually spelt phonetically (e.g.
Kaffee
,
Tschechien
(
Czech Republic
),
Zentimeter
).
Latin
words beginning with "ce" such as
centum
(hundred) traditionally represent
[ts]
in German, and German words derived from these have therefore long been spelt with a
Z
, which represents
[ts]
(as in
Zentrum
(centre),
Zentimeter
(centimetre), etc.). Equivalently, some German speakers pronounce the beginning of the word "Cent"
[ts]
, but since they are familiar with the English pronunciation of the American unit
cent
, most people pronounce it [s].
As these are nouns, both Euro and Cent are capitalised in German.
Slang terms:
In Austria and Germany, the euro has also been called
Teuro
, a play on the word
teuer
, meaning 'expensive'.
[41]
The
Deutsche Mark
was worth half as much as the euro (a ratio of approximately 2:1) and some grocers and restaurants were accused of taking advantage of the smaller numbers to increase their actual prices with the changeover.
In youth and Internet culture the fake plural
Euronen
is sometimes used; this form's origin is unknown but it bears resemblance to
Dublonen
(
doubloons
) and has a
retro
ring to it. Also, "
Ore
" is occasionally used, the name of the
Swedish currency
. Unlike the previous currencies (Mark and Schilling) which had well established nicknames for individual coins and notes, there are few widely used nicknames for Euros, but the two Euro coin is sometimes called
Zwickel
like the old two Mark piece.
[
citation needed
]
In German
Usenet
culture, the name
Fragezeichen
(question mark) was occasionally used in reference to initial problems with display of the
euro sign
, which was often rendered as a question mark. The term was most often written using the mock currency code FRZ.
[42]
This technical trouble has diminished and so has the usage of this term.
Abbreviations:
EUR. TEUR for thousand Euros and MEUR for a million Euros are often used in financial documents. Numbers are given with a comma as decimal separator.
Greek
[
edit
]
In the
Greek language
the indeclinable word
ευρ?
(
[ev?ro]
) is used as the currency's name. It was decided to use
omega
(ω) rather than
omicron
(ο) as the last letter of the word, partly because a noun ending with omicron would encourage mutability, and partly to stress the origin of the euro in the Greek word
Ευρ?πη
(
Eur?p?
, Europe) which is also spelt with omega and it is actually written on the euro notes in Greek as
ΕΥΡΩ
. Also, the spelling
ΕΥΡΟ
(resulting in a plural
ΕΥΡΑ
) on the notes could have confused other Europeans, who might read it as a string of
Latin
letters:
eypo
. A plural form
evra
, as if from a regular declinable neuter noun in
-o
, is sometimes used in a jocular way.
For the cent, the terms used in Greece are
λεπτ?
, plural
λεπτ?
(
lepto
, plural
lepta
), a name used for small denominations of various ancient and modern Greek currencies, including the
drachma
(which the euro replaced). The word means '
minute
' (literally "thin"), the same as the unit of measurement of time or of angle. The term
ευρωλεπτ?
, plural
ευρωλεπτ?
(
evrolepto
, plural
evrolepta
) is sometimes used when a speaker wants to be completely specific that they are referring to money and not time.
Some colloquial names for currency are also in use for the euro, carried over from the drachma. One and two euro coins are respectively called
φρ?γκο
(
frango
) and
δ?φραγκο
(
difrango
) from the French
franc
. A 5 euro banknote is also colloquially called
τ?ληρο
(
taliro
) from the Germanic root
thaler
via the Italian
talero
. A 10 euro banknote is called
δεκ?ρικο
(
dekariko
), a 20 euro banknote is called
εικοσ?ρικο
(
eikosariko
) or
εικοσ?ρι
(
eikosari
), and a 50 euro banknote is called
πενηντ?ρικο
(
penintariko
), derivatives of the words for ten, twenty and fifty.
10 lepta of a drachma were called
δεκ?ρα
(
dekara
), but since lepta of the drachma were out of circulation long before the euro, this word is now considered too old-fashioned and only used in old expressions and thus it is not used for the 10 eurocent coin. Nevertheless, all Greeks understand the word to stand for 10 cents of any currency and thus use it for non-euro currencies like the dime of the US dollar. The same is true for the 5-cent coin which is not called
πεντ?ρα
(
pentara
) like its drachma equivalent. These words come from the words for five and ten respectively.
In Cyprus, however, the cent is officially called
σεντ
(
sent
) both in singular and plural. This is the name formerly used for
1
⁄
100
of the
Cypriot pound
chosen for its neutrality to both official languages of the Republic (
Greek
and
Turkish
).
[
citation needed
]
Hungarian
[
edit
]
In
Hungarian
the currency is named
euro
(
[??uroː]
) and
cent
(
[?t?s?nt]
) without plural forms (as in Hungarian no plural is used after numerals), the former written with an accented
o
, as decided by the
Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
.
[43]
The spelling is also in accordance with the word
Europa
("Europe") in Hungarian.
Hungarian language does not use plural after numerals, as numerals already express plural; however, both
euro
and
cent
can take suffixes regarding to
grammatical cases
, just as:
- Accusative case:
eurot
- Dative case:
euronak
- Instrumental case:
euroval
("with euro")
- Causative case:
euroert
("for euro")
- etc.
On introduction of the euro, Hungary?along with Lithuania, Latvia, and Slovenia?struggled for the euro to be written in its official documents according to its own usage and spelling, in contrast with Community law, which provides for a single name throughout the Union (in the nominative singular and taking account of different alphabets).
[44]
[45]
The
Treaty of Lisbon
, signed in 2009, contains the following declaration from Hungary, Latvia and Malta:
[46]
58. Declaration by the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Hungary and the Republic of Malta on the spelling of the name of the single currency in the Treaties
Without prejudice to the unified spelling of the name of the single currency of the European Union referred to in the Treaties as displayed on the banknotes and on the coins, Latvia, Hungary and Malta declare that the spelling of the name of the single currency, including its derivatives as applied throughout the Latvian, Hungarian and Maltese text of the Treaties, has no effect on the existing rules of the Latvian, Hungarian or Maltese languages.
Irish
[
edit
]
In
Irish
, the words
euro
and
cent
are used without change in
spelling
or
pronunciation
, and immune to the regular rules of Irish
mutation
after numbers; as such, they are
ungendered
, and the plural
euronna
is thus rarely encountered.
[47]
The word
ceint
[?k??n?t?]
(plural
ceinteanna
[?k??n?t??n???]
) has been in the lexicon since at least 1959 and is attested in printed literature, but is very rarely encountered.
[48]
[49]
Linguist
Michael Everson
in a 2001 paper proposed a new masculine noun
eoro
[????oː]
(plural
eoronna
[????oːn???]
), or alternatively
eora
(plural
eorai
), derived from
Eoraip
('Europe'), as being a more grammatically acceptable Irish term.
[50]
However, it was not widely adopted and is not in common use.
Irish also practices
lenition
after the numerals 2?6 (5
cheint
) and
eclipsis
after numerals 7?10 (9
gceint
, 8
n-eoro
).
[51]
However, as
ceint
is irregularly pronounced (no other Irish word has a
soft
c
), lenition and eclipsis are usually not applied.
[52]
Italian
[
edit
]
In
Italian
the word
euro
is used, as both singular and plural. Its standard pronunciation is
[??uro]
, although in several
northern
accents it is pronounced as
[?euro]
instead. The plural form
euri
is uncommon, but not considered incorrect.
[53]
The issue of whether the correct plural form would be
euri
or
euro
remained open for a long time, predating the actual introduction of the currency. The
Accademia della Crusca
assigned to Severina Parodi, lexicographer, and to
Luca Serianni
, language historian, the task to give a response. They deliberated in favour of
euri
in 1999 with the motivation that "euro is a masculine noun". But the issue was then re-examined many times.
Finally, in 2001 the consensus of the Accademia coalesced in favour of invariability.
[54]
The rationale was based on the fact that abbreviated words originating from a longer word (for example
auto
from
automobile
(car) or
moto
from
motocicletta
(motorbike)) do not have a plural form, as well as the fact that the word
euro
is considered an abbreviation of the word
Eurovaluta
(European currency). In 2002 an amendment to the
financial act
was proposed to adopt
euri
as the plural form for public official deeds, but was quickly rejected by the Parliament.
[55]
The word
cent
(pronounced
[t??nt]
) is in practical use always replaced by the word
centesimo
(
[t?en?teːzimo]
), which simply means "hundredth" (also see
centime
in French); its plural form is
centesimi
.
Cent
only appears on documents such as electricity and telephone bills; it is perceived by native speakers as an abbreviation of "centesimo" (and in fact often followed by a period) rather than as an autonomous proper name. It should also be added that the word "cent", or "centesimo", is often omitted altogether in current usage, when it follows an amount expressed in higher values: a sum of € 1,50 is commonly referred to as "one Euro fifty" ("un Euro e cinquanta"), with no reference to the cent partition.
Latvian
[
edit
]
In
Latvian
the commonly used term is
eiro
(which somewhat resembles the West European
euro
, but has also taken its sound from
Eiropa
, the Latvian word for
Europe
).
[56]
[57]
In 2004 it was proposed by Terminology Commission of the
Latvian Academy of Sciences
that standardized usage should be
eira
as
eiro
is
undeclinable in Latvian
. The commission argued that a potentially frequently used term needs to fit especially well in the structure of
Latvian grammar
. They suggested that
eiro
is especially inconvenient to use in
dative
and
locative
, which would necessitate addition of
val?ta
("currency") for clarification.
[58]
However, this decision resulted in public outcry, which resulted in the commission amending its original ruling to state that usage of
euro
is inappropriate for Latvian, and that
eiro
is acceptable as a parallel form, but its use should be limited and it should be dropped over time. The reasoning was explained, that while they still insist on the use of
eira
, they acknowledge that a half of users of the language are not content with such a form. They explained that the use of
euro
(and
cent
without
nominative
ending) is ill-suited to the language because an
eu
diphthong does not exist in Latvian, and orthographic rules discourage spellings that don't reflect pronunciation.
[59]
Lithuanian
[
edit
]
In
Lithuanian
the euro and cent are called
euras
(
[???r?s]
) and
centas
(
[?ts??nt?s]
) (in common language sometimes
euro centas
, to distinguish from the cents of the former Lithuanian currency,
litas
), while plural forms are
eurai
and
centai
(
eurocentai
). The Lithuanian language routinely adapts foreign words by re-spelling them according to Lithuanian phonetic rules and adding standardised endings, resulting in words like
kompiuteris
.
Maltese
[
edit
]
In
Maltese
, the spelling is
ewro
, as announced in December 2005.
[60]
The currency name
ewro
is spelt with
w
(not with a
u
) as derived from the Maltese word
Ewropa
(Europe), also written with
w
. Furthermore, the vowels
e
and
u
are not written next to each other in Maltese, except when they are pronounced as two syllables, which is not the case here.
[61]
The plural of the word remains unchanged, as the singular. The cent is known as
?ente?mu
, plural
?ente?mi
, both abbreviated to
?
.
In Maltese, 'ewro' is written with a small letter
e
and is masculine
[62]
singular ? as in "L-ewro huwa..." (The euro is...) and "Il-munita tal-ewro hija" (The euro coin is...).
Polish
[
edit
]
In
Polish
,
euro
is both singular and plural, and pronounced
[??wr?]
. This noun belongs to a small group of nouns of foreign origin in Polish that, as an exception, remain non-declinable in any of the seven cases (other examples being
zoo
,
Waterloo
and few others). It is however likely for the word
euro
to follow the pattern of other foreign words like
kino
,
studio
and
radio
and eventually become fully declinable in a similar manner as a result of a full linguistic absorption of the word into Polish.
[63]
Cent
is declinable, being
eurocent
or simply
cent
(
[?urots?nt]
) in singular nominative and
eurocenty
or
centy
(
[?uro?ts?nt?]
) in plural nominative or
eurocentow
or
centow
(
[?uro?ts?ntuf]
) in plural genitive.
Portuguese
[
edit
]
In
Portuguese
,
euro
has a Portuguese word-ending and thus is used in the singular, with
euros
the plural form.
Cent
, which does not conform to Portuguese word-forming rules, is commonly converted to
centimo
(singular) and
centimos
(plural).
The term
centimo
might have been adopted to distinguish it from the fractional value of the
Portuguese escudo
, which was called
centavo
.
Pronunciation of
euro
in Portuguese is still not standardized: either
[?ew??]
or
[?ew?u]
. The latter has the regular final unstressed -
o
pronunciation, as
[u]
, and is more widespread in the north of the country, while the former is more common in the south.
Euro
,
centimo
and
centavo
are masculine nouns in Portuguese, and as such, "the cents" are translated as
os centimos
and "those euros" as
aqueles euros
.
In Brazil the pronunciation is
[?ew?u]
(generally
[?eu??u]
in Rio de Janeiro and further north, as in Portugal, and
[?e????]
in Sao Paulo and further south and west as well as the places
where southern Brazilians settled
) and fractional values are called
centavos de euro
[64]
(cents of euro) to differentiate them from
Brazilian real
"centavos".
Units up to 1000 are colloquially designated as
paus:
50 euros is designated as 50
paus
. This name carried over from the escudo.
[65]
Romanian
[
edit
]
In
Romanian
the euro and cent are called
euro
and
cent
[t??ent]
(plural
cen?i
[t??ent?s?]
). The official plural of
euro
is also
euro
, and this official form was readily adopted by speakers. The "eu" construct is not a diphthong, thus the pronunciation is
[?e.uro]
.
When speaking in a familiar?vernacular setting, some speakers would make the informal plural "euroi", which is unofficial and more colloquial.
Slovak
[
edit
]
In
Slovak
the euro and cent are called
euro
and
cent
, the plural forms for amounts between 2 and 4 are
2 eura/centy
, and the plural forms for larger amounts are
5 eur/centov
.
Euro
is spelt with a
u
because it is derived from the word
Europa
(Europe). The c in cent represents
/ts/
.
Slang terms:
common nicknames for euro in Slovak includes:
eura?e
,
evri
,
jura?e
,
e?ka
(literally "e"-s or "letters ‘e’"). Cents are sometimes jokingly called
?estaky
(as a common term for coins with small value);
me?aky
or
medenaky
(literally "coppers" or "the copper ones") or
haliere
which is a reference to the small coins of the original Slovak currency.
Slovene
[
edit
]
In
Slovene
the euro and cent are called
evro
and
cent
(
[?eːwr?]
,
[ts?nt]
), the dual form is
2 evra/centa
(
[?eːwra]
,
[?tseːnta]
or
[?ts?ːn-]
) and the plural forms are
3/4 evri/centi
(
[?eːwri]
,
[?tseːnti]
or
[?ts?ːn-]
),
5+ evrov/centov
(
[?eːwr?w]
,
[?tseːnt?w]
or
[?ts?ːn-]
), the same declension case being used for all higher numerals up to 100, then beginning again (
101 evro/cent
,
102 evra/centa
,
103 evri/centi
,
104 evri/centi
,
105 evrov/centov
etc.).
Evro
is spelt with
v
according to standard
Slovene orthography
, and matches the word
Evropa
(Europe).
In laws and regulations, though, the word ‘evro’ is replaced with the word ‘euro’ in all grammatical cases in accordance with an agreement between Slovenia and the
European Union
. In normative
Slovene language
usage ‘evro’ spelling should only be used, except as noted.
[66]
Spanish
[
edit
]
In the Spanish language, the official plural is the same as its regular plural
euros
. For the cent, the word
centimo
(plural
centimos
) can be used. The fraction of the
peseta
was also called
centimo
, but no centimo coins had been issued since 1980, and had since been demonetised. The word "euro" is pronounced
[?ew?o]
in Spanish, and "centimo"
[?θentimo]
or
[?sentimo]
.
Slang terms
: the euro is often referred to as
pavo
, meaning
turkey
in English (the usual translation for
buck
in dubbed films).
Swedish
[
edit
]
In
Swedish
writing, euro is spelt
euro
(and cent is spelt
cent
) both in singular and plural, or written EUR, or €. The € sign is common in Finland but rare in Sweden. The currency "the euro" is spelt
euron
following Swedish grammar rules. There are many Swedish laws mentioning amounts in euro, because of EU directives, using
euro
for the amounts and expression like "belopp i euro" (amount in euro), not the € sign.
[67]
In Sweden, the accepted pronunciations are
[???v(ː)r?]
(more common and similar to how
eu
is pronounced in modern Swedish in
neuro-
) or
[????r?]
(similar to how
eu
is pronounced in modern Swedish in
Europa
).
[68]
However, many Swedes choose to pronounce it in a more English way
[?j?ːr?]
(no
s
in plural). This pronunciation is rejected by official authorities, such as the
Swedish Language Council
,
[68]
and not used in television news. In Sweden there are no widespread slang terms since the euro is a foreign currency.
In Finland, the euro is the official currency, and Swedish is an official language alongside
Finnish
. The same spelling as in Sweden is used (officially
Swedish in Finland
is spelt as in Sweden). The pronunciation, however, is
[??uro]
, which has some similarities to
Finnish
pronunciation. The abbreviation is like 3,14 €, same as for Finnish. Among Swedish-speaking as well as Finnish-speaking people in
Helsinki
, a common slang term is "ege".
Other languages
[
edit
]
Albanian
[
edit
]
In
Albanian
, the euro is referred to as "euro". This is the same for Albanian in Kosovo, North Macedonia and rest of the Balkans. Some Kosovo Albanian speakers however, pronounce euro like Germans; 'oiro'/'oi', due to heavily migration. It is derived from the Albanian word for Europe, "Europa", "Europe" and also "Evropa"/"Evrope". All variants are official in Albanian, however Albania uses Euro, Europa or Europe whilst other Albanian dialects such as in Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia often use Evrope or Evropa. However the currency euro is not ever pronounced as evro like their Slavic neighbours.
Note: depending on dialect, location, diaspora and ethnicity some
Albanians
vary their pronunciations based on standard Albanian, Italian, Greek, German or Slavic (such as those in North Macedonia or Serbia).
Arabic
[
edit
]
In Arabic, the euro is usually referred to as
????
[?juːro,
?juːru]
, which is an adaptation of the English pronunciation of the currency's name. Another naming is
????
[??oːro]
, which is an approximation of the French pronunciation
[ø.?o]
. In most cases this term is used both for the singular and the plural form, although the plurals
??????
/juːro?waːt/
and
???????
/juːro?haːt/
are sometimes encountered. The name for Europe in Arabic is
??????
/?o(ː)?robba,
-?roppa/
. Because
loanwords
are not of
Arabic
origin, they are pronounced in accordance with the spoken
varieties of Arabic
phonology. For example,
??????
is pronounced
[?o??obb?,
-??opp?]
by
Egyptian Arabic
speakers, while
[?oː?robba,
-?roppa]
by
Levantine Arabic
speakers.
Attempts to artificially arabize the pronunciation according to the
standardized Arabic phonology
would be more conforming to
Arabic transliterations
such as
Y?r? / ??r?, ??rubb?
which would be theoretically pronounced
/?juːruː,
??uːruː,
?uː?rubbaː/
for
????, ????, ??????
, respectively.
See also
Arabic diglossia
to understand why the pronunciation differs from region to region.
Armenian
[
edit
]
The
Armenian
word for euro is
????
, pronounced
[j?v???]
in exactly the same way as the Greek, with an added initial
y
sound. It is derived from the Armenian word for Europe,
??????
, which is pronounced
[j?v???pa]
, as stress in Armenian usually falls on the final syllable. Cent in Armenian is pronounced
[?t?s??nt]
(
????
).
The plural of euro, in accordance with the formation of plurals in Armenian, is
???????
[?v???n??]
. The plural of cent, however, is
?????
, pronounced
[t?s??n?ti]
.
Asturian
[
edit
]
In
Asturian
, there has been a controversy about the spelling of the word. The official
academic
dictionary uses the spelling
euru
,
[69]
respecting the Asturian tendency to write nouns with a final
-u
. However, considering that the international use is
euro
and that there is a tendency in Asturian to write some short forms with a final
-o
(like
euro
from
Europa
), other linguists, like
Ramon d'Andres
, defend the spelling
euro
.
[70]
Azerbaijani
[
edit
]
The
Azerbaijani
name for Europe is
Avropa
, similar to that of its sister language, Turkish, and the Azerbaijani word for euro, derived from that for Europe, is
avro
, identical to Turkish.
Catalan
[
edit
]
In
Catalan
the official plural is the same as its regular plural
euros
. The standard pronunciation of "euro" is
[??w?u]
.
[71]
For the cent, the word
centim
(
pronounced
[?s?ntim]
, plural
centims
) is used, since historically this term has been used as the hundredth part of a currency unit. The fraction of the
peseta
was also called
centim
, but it was withdrawn from circulation decades ago.
Chinese
[
edit
]
In
Chinese
, the euro is known as
?元
(
simplified
),
歐元
(
traditional
),
?uyuan
(
pinyin
), this comes from the Chinese word for Europe; ?洲 (
?uzh?u)
, and the word 元 (
yuan)
, meaning coin as in refers to a currency. This follows the same pattern as the word for the
United States dollar
, which is 美元 (
m?iyuan)
. For cent, the word ?分 (
?uf?n)
, is used, The
character
分 (
f?n)
is simply mean cent in any currency, like 美分 means United States cent.
However, in
Hong Kong
it is often referred to as 歐羅 (
Jyutping
:
au¹lo⁴
). The
Hong Kong Monetary Authority
explained that 元 is used only if that currency is ended with "dollar" (such as
United States dollar
and
Canadian dollar
).
Homophonic translation
will be used if the unit is not "dollar", including the euro,
pound sterling
and
Swiss franc
.
Plurals do not exist in Chinese so the same character is used for singular and plural forms. As the character 元 in ?元 is a
counter word
in Chinese, there is no need to put a measure word before the word. An example is: 五十?元 (
financial Chinese
: 伍拾?元)
w?shi ?uyuan
for fifty euro.
Cornish
[
edit
]
In the
Cornish language
, euro is written
ewro
(like
Ewrop
'Europe'), a masculine noun with its plural
ewros
.
[72]
For cent,
cent
is used, a masculine noun with the plural
centys
.
Esperanto
[
edit
]
In
Esperanto
, the currency is called
"e?ro"
,
[73]
similar to the Esperanto word for the continent "E?ropo." The
o
ending in euro conveniently accords with the standard
-o
noun ending in Esperanto, but rather than sound out
e
and
u
separately, Esperanto speakers use the
diphthong
e?
, which matches its etymology. Plurals are formed in accordance with Esperanto rules,
e?roj
and
cendoj
. The words are also declined as any Esperanto noun (e?ro/e?roj in the
nominative
, e?ron/e?rojn in the
accusative
). Since the inventor of the name "euro"
Germain Pirlot
is an Esperantist it is often assumed that he intentionally chose a word that fits well into the Esperanto grammar.
A cent is
cendo
, as is commonly used for subunits of all centimalized currency (cents, centimes, etc.). The alternatives are
centimo
from the French
centime
or a more technical
centono
, literally, "one-hundredth part". (Esperanto speakers are unlikely to call a cent
cento
, since
cento
means a group of 100, rather than a hundredth.)
Faroese
[
edit
]
In
Faroese
the euro is called
evra
, a feminine noun derived from the Faroese name of Europe,
Evropa
; this makes Faroese (with Icelandic) one of only two European languages in which the word for the euro is feminine. The plural is formed regularly:
evrur
. The cents are often called
sent
which is a neuter word and has the same form in the
nominative
plural.
Friulian
[
edit
]
In
Friulian
, the euro is called
euro
and the plural form is
euros
. E.g.
un euro
(one euro),
doi euros
(two euros),
tre euros
(three euros). Cent is
centesim
and the plural form is
centesims
.
Georgian
[
edit
]
In
Georgian
, the euro is called
????
(
evro
, pronounced
[?ev?o]
), derived from the Georgian word for Europe,
??????
[?ev?op?a]
. Unlike in Greek and Armenian, the stress of the word
evro
falls on the first syllable, as is usual in Georgian. Cent is
?????
[?ts?ent?i]
, as nativized Georgian nouns cannot end in a consonant, so a nominative ending 'i' is added. The respective plurals of euro and cent are
???????
[?ev?oebi]
and
???????
[?ts?ent?ebi]
.
Hebrew
[
edit
]
When euro coins and banknotes were introduced, the question of the spelling and pronunciation of the currency's name in Hebrew arose. The official name of the currency established by the
Academy of the Hebrew Language
and the
Bank of Israel
is
??????
[?e?o]
,
[74]
derived from
??????????
[e??opa]
(Europe).
An unofficial spelling and pronunciation
??????
[?ju?o]
, derived from the English pronunciation of the currency's name, is also used.
Although in Hebrew currency names are usually declined for singular and plural, both forms of the Euro name are used for the singular and plural alike.
Hindi
[
edit
]
In
Hindi
, the euro is spelt ???? (y?ro), while cent is written as ???? (se??). Neither word is pluralised. Europe is known as ????? (Y?rop) in Hindi.
Icelandic
[
edit
]
In
Icelandic
the euro is called
evra
, a feminine noun derived from the Icelandic name of Europe,
Evropa
; this makes Icelandic (with Faroese) one of only two European languages in which the word for the euro is feminine. The plural is formed regularly:
evrur
. The cents are often called
sent
which is a neuter word and has the same form in the
nominative
plural. However, a more
common usage
is to write, say, 20 cents as
0,20 evrur
.
In
Ido
, there is a rule that "every word pertaining to a national or local custom will get imported to the language without change or adaption, both the singular and the plural forms alike" (known as
vorti stranjera
? foreign words). This gets especially applied to "currencies, weights and measurements that don't belong to the
metric system
" (according to KGD, Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza ? Ido's grammar book). Thus the best word for "euro" would be just
euro
, like
dollar
and
pound
, with the plural probably kept the same:
euro
, since most languages do that. In common speech, though, many Idists commonly refer to the currency as
euro
and
euri
as if it got fully adopted to the language because of the common use of the currency.
Similarly, "cent" is
cent
, with the plural imported from its source, English:
cents
.
For both words, there are two other possibilities for pluralization. The native plural
-i
could be added to the
vorto stranjera
with the dash to mark that it is a foreign word:
cent-i
and
euro-i
, or to add the plural definite article
le
:
le cent
and
le euro
, though that generally means "the cents" and "the euros".
Interslavic
[
edit
]
In
Interslavic
, the diphthongs /au/ and /eu/ are generally written as
av
and
ev
, which is common in
Slovene
,
Sorbian
and (usually) the Slavic languages that use
Cyrillic
. Thus, the Interslavic word for "euro" is
evro
, which is an indeclinable neuter noun. It can both be pronounced
[??vr?]
or
[??wr?]
.
The word for "cent" is
cent
(pronounced
[t?s?nt]
), which is declined like an inanimate masculine noun: gen.sg.
centa
, nom.pl.
centy
, gen.pl.
centov
, etc.
Japanese
[
edit
]
In Japanese the euro is called "y?ro" (ユ?ロ) based on the English pronunciation, using the
katakana
syllabary employed for foreign words. However, the word for Europe in Japanese is "y?roppa" (ヨ?ロッパ), probably borrowed from the
Portuguese
Europa
(
[?ew.??p?]
) or from the
Dutch
Europa
(
[øː?roːpaː]
, not English. The cent uses the same word employed for all currencies using cents. This is rendered "sento" (or セント in the katakana script) and it is also based on the English pronunciation. In Japanese, like other East Asian languages, no plurals are used for units so both "y?ro" and "sento" are used as the singular and plural.
Korean
[
edit
]
In
Korean
of South Korea
, the Euro is called "
yuro
" (유로) and Cent is called "
senteu
" (센트). The word for Europe in Korean is "
Yureop
" (유럽). They are all based on the English pronunciation.
Latin
[
edit
]
Living Latin
enthusiasts use
euro
, -
onis
(pl.
eurones
); sometimes also
euronummus
,
-i
(pl.
euronummi
),
eurum
,
-i
(pl.
eura
)
[75]
or even
euronus
,
-i
(pl.
euroni
).,
[76]
as well as declining
euro
in the fourth declension as if it was a Greek name like
echo
.
Leonese
[
edit
]
In
Leonese
, a language spoken in the Spanish provinces of
Leon
and
Zamora
, the word for "euro" is "euru", the plural being "euros".
[
citation needed
]
Luxembourgish
[
edit
]
In
Luxembourgish
the Euro is officially called
Euro
(
pronounced
[?o??oː]
), both in singular and plural forms, although the correct plural according to linguistic rules would normally be
Euroen
(
pronounced
[?o??oː?n]
).
The Cent is called
Cent
(
pronounced
[tsent]
), plural
Cents
.
In popular parlance the term
Zantimm
(
pronounced
[?ts??ːtim]
) is also used, a word derived from the French
Centime
.
Manx
[
edit
]
The
Manx
word for "euro" is either
oarey
(plural:
oaraghyn
), based on
Yn Oarpey
("Europe"), or
euro
, from English.
Cent
is either
kent
(plural:
kentyn
) or
sent
.
Mirandese
[
edit
]
Mirandese
(a regional language spoken in the northeastern Portuguese region of
Miranda do Douro
) uses the prefix
ou
already present in words like
European
(
Ouropeu
). The singular form is
ouro
(
/?ow.?u/
) and the plural form is
ouros
(
/?ow.?u?/
).
Ouro
is also the Mirandese word for 'gold', as in Portuguese.
[77]
Norwegian
[
edit
]
In
Norwegian
there could be a problem concerning the spelling, since euro is
masculine
and would normally take a plural
-er
ending in
Bokmal
and
-ar
in
Nynorsk
. But since words for foreign currencies (like
dollar
and
yen
) normally do not have the endings
-er
or
-ar
in Norwegian the
Norwegian Language Council
reached a decision in 1996 that the proper declension of the word
euro
should be
in Bokmal:
- en euro ? euroen ? euro ? euroene
in Nynorsk:
- ein euro ? euroen ? euro ? euroane
The declensions are respectively: The two first in
Singular
, and the two last in
Plural
, while the first of each category are
indefinite
, the last of each category are
definite
nouns. The word
cent
is an old loan word in Norwegian ? and it is declined the same way:
in Bokmal:
- en cent ? centen ? cent ? centene
in Nynorsk:
- ein cent ? centen ? cent ? centane
The pronunciation of the two words in Norwegian are
[?æ???u]
and
[?s?nt]
.
Romansh
[
edit
]
In
Romansh
, the words are
euro
[78]
and
cent
;
[78]
these are regular masculine nouns forming their plurals with -s, as
euros
and
cents
, respectively.
Russian
[
edit
]
Russia currently borders four eurozone members: Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. They supply much of the euro inflow in Russia in trade exchange and tourism. In Russian, just like in
Bulgarian
, euro is spelt евро ("jevro", pronounced
[?jevr?]
) both in the singular and the plural, while
cent
is цент
[t?s?nt]
(sg.) and центы
[?t?s?nt?]
(pl.), though there are many colloquial semi-ironic forms such as евры 'jevry' or еврики 'jevriki' (there's no plural form for
euro
in Russian),
копейки
for cents and others. Just as in Italian, although евро could have been declined as a regular neuter noun, it was made indeclinable like many neutral loanwords ending in a vowel: бюро
[b???ro]
bureau, office, writing-desk
, пальто
[p?l??to]
overcoat
, бордо
[b?r?do]
Bordeaux wine, claret
etc.; the same form is used in the singular and the plural. Cents are sometimes transliterated as цент 'tsent' ? singular, центы 'tsenty' ? plural. Numerative form is цент for 1 cent (as well as amounts that end in 1 except for the ones ending in 11 ? e.g. 51 цент but 11 центов), центa, the genitive singular, for 2 to 4 cents (as well as any other amounts ending in 2, 3 or 4, except for the ones ending in 12, 13, 14 ? e.g. 54 центa but 12 центoв) and центoв, genitive plural, for the rest ? 88 центoв. Sometimes eвроцент (also romanized as 'jevrocent' or 'evrotsent') is used to distinguish euro-cents from the American cents. (If евро had been treated as a regular neuter noun instead of being indeclinable, it would have the forms *евра (regular plural or genitive singular) and *евр (genitive plural), but this treatment would have been unusual for a loanword.)
Scottish Gaelic
[
edit
]
Due to the lack of a governing body, there is no consistent usage regarding the terms for euro and cent in
Scottish Gaelic
. The various approaches include:
- use of English spellings (including the English plural form and pronunciation), treating the nouns as
indeclinable
:
an euro
(genitive
an euro
; plural
na euro(s)
),
an cent
(genitive
an cent
, plural
na cent(s)
)
- use of English spellings and pronunciation for euro but with Gaelic case marking (both masculine and feminine as the gender of the word has not been determined to date)
- as a masculine noun:
an t-euro
(genitive
an euro
, plural
na h-euro(s)
)
- as a feminine noun:
an euro
(genitive
na h-euro
, plural
na h-euro(s)
)
- fully gaelicized forms (based on the Gaelic word
Eorpa
"Europe") such as:
an t-eora
(genitive
an eora
, plural
na h-eorathan
),
an seant
(genitive
an t-seant
, plural
na seantaichean
)
[79]
Serbian
[
edit
]
In
Serbian
the euro and cent are called
evro
(
Cyrillic
: евро)
[??ro]
and
cent
(Cyrillic: цент)
[tsent]
.
Evro
is spelt with a
v
because it is derived from the name Европа/
Evropa
(Europe).
Both
evro
and
cent
are masculine nouns. They are inflected according to regular rules of the language:
- When not accompanied by a number, plural quantities are in whatever grammatical case is appropriate to the context: the nominative plurals are
evri
(Cyrillic: еври) and
centi
(Cyrillic: центи).
- When accompanied by a number ending with the digit 1 (except the combination 11) the singular form is used:
21 evro
(Cyrillic: 21 евро),
101 cent
(Cyrillic: 101 цент).
- When accompanied by a "small number", i.e. one ending with the digit 2, 3 or 4 (except the combinations 12, 13, 14), the paucal form is used:
22 evra
(Cyrillic: 22 евра),
102 centa
(Cyrillic: 102 цента).
- When accompanied by a "large number", i.e. one ending with a digit outside the 1?4 range (or one ending with any of the combination 11, 12, 13, 14) the genitive plural is used:
111 evra
(Cyrillic: 111 евра),
25 centi
(Cyrillic: 25 центи) or rarely
25 centa
(Cyrillic: 25 цента).
The genitive plural
centi
is produced in an old-fashioned way that is today mostly reserved for measurement units. The alternative
centa
follows the vastly more common pattern of other masculine nouns but is very rarely heard in practice.
Turkish
[
edit
]
Turkey and
Northern Cyprus
continue to use the
Turkish lira
as their official currency, but the euro is popularly used, particularly by individuals wanting to convert their savings into a more stable currency.
Euro
has been pronounced by a majority similar to the English fashion (phonetically transcribed in Turkish as
yuro
) since its inception, although it has been reported in 2004 that pronunciations based on French (phonetically transcribed in Turkish as
oro
) and to a lesser degree German (phonetically transcribed in Turkish as
oyro
) were also used by a minority.
[80]
In response to criticism of the widespread English pronunciation of
euro
, the
Turkish Language Association
officially introduced
avro
into
Turkish
("av" being the first syllable of the Turkish word for Europe,
Avrupa
) in 1998. A concerted campaign by the Turkish Language Association has begun to blossom in recent years,
[
when?
]
with most sections of the Turkish media now using the new word.
[
dubious
–
discuss
]
It has yet to enter widespread colloquial use, however. It has been reported in 2004 that the
Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
prefers the usage of euro over
avro
.
[80]
Ukrainian
[
edit
]
The euro is becoming relatively widespread in
Ukraine
although the country did not border the eurozone until 1 January 2009. In standard literary Ukrainian the name is
?вро
(
pronounced
[?j?u?ro]
ⓘ
). The same form is used in singular and plural cases. Cents are translated as
цент
[t?s?nt]
ⓘ
in the singular and
центи
[?t?s?nt?]
in the plural. In the Ukrainian language there is some variation in cases. Numerative form is
цент
for 1 cent (as well as amounts that end in 1 except for the ones ending in 11 ? e.g.
51 цент
but
11 цент?в
), центи for 2 to 4 cents (as well as any other amounts ending in 2, 3 or 4, except for the ones ending in 12, 13, 14 ? e.g.
54 центи
but 12
цент?в
) and цент?в for the rest ?
88 цент?в
. Sometimes
?вроцент
[?j?u?ro?t?s?nt]
is used to distinguish eurocents from American cents.
Welsh
[
edit
]
In the
Welsh language
, the terms for "euro" and "cent" are
ewro
[??ur?]
(plural:
ewros
[??ur?s,
??ur?z]
)
[81]
[82]
[83]
and
sent
[s?nt]
(plural:
sentiau
[?s?ntja?,
?s?ntjai]
)
[81]
[84]
[85]
respectively. Grammatical points to note about their usage include the fact that in Welsh, numerals are followed by singular nouns, for example,
pum ewro
"five euros",
deg sent
"ten cents", and that
ewro
is a masculine noun whereas
sent
is feminine, thus affecting the form of the numeral that precedes them, for example,
tri ewro
"three euros" but
tair sent
"three cents".
Informally, the more Anglicised pronunciation
[??ur?]
may be used, written either with the standard spelling or as
iwro
[86]
[87]
or English
euro
.
[88]
The word
euro
[???r?,
??ir?]
,
[81]
however, is a separate word in Welsh meaning "to gild" (from
aur
"gold"). It should also be noted that the Welsh abbreviation
c
stands for
ceiniog
"
penny, pence
".
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
European Commission
.
"The euro: The euro 'rules'
"
. Retrieved
12 January
2009
.
The name of the single currency must be the same in all the official languages of the EU, taking into account the different alphabets. This is to ensure consistency and to avoid confusion in the single market. In all EU legal texts, the nominative singular spelling must be 'euro' in all languages ('ευρ?' in Greek alphabet; 'евро' in Cyrillic alphabet). Plural forms and declensions are accepted as long as they do not change the 'eur-' root. In documents other than EU legal texts, including national legislation, other spellings are accepted according to the various grammatical rules used in each language.
- ^
English Style Guide: A handbook for authors and translators in the European Commission
(PDF)
(Fifth edition (revised) ed.). European Commission Directorate-General for Translation. May 2008
. Retrieved
12 January
2009
.
20.8 The euro. Like 'pound', 'dollar' [etc.] the word 'euro' is written in lower case with no initial capital and, where appropriate, takes the plural 's' (as does 'cent'):This book costs ten euros and fifty cents. However, in documents and tables where monetary amounts figure largely, make maximum use of the € symbol (closed up to the figure) or the abbreviation EUR before the amount.
- ^
European Central Bank
(13 December 2005).
"Opinion of the European Central Bank of 1 December 2005 on a proposal for a Council Regulation amending Regulation (EC) No 974/98 on the introduction of the euro (CON/2005/51)"
(PDF)
.
Official Journal of the European Union
. Retrieved
7 September
2008
.
For reasons of
legal certainty
, the ECB recommends that the text of the proposed regulation incorporates in its normative part a provision confirming that 'the spelling of the name of the euro shall be identical in the nominative singular case in all the official languages of the European Union, taking into account the existence of different alphabets.
- ^
a
b
c
European Commission
.
"Spelling of the words "euro" and "cent" in official community languages as used in community legislative acts"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
12 January
2009
.
- ^
a
b
Euro: valutateken voor of achter het bedrag?
, Nederlandse Taalunie, retrieved 21 December 2006.
- ^
phonetically
[???.?w]
in
American English
- ^
"By-Type Chart: Numbers:Number Formatting Patterns"
.
CLDR - Unicode Common Locale Data Repository
. Unicode. 17 October 2022
. Retrieved
19 June
2023
.
- ^
a
b
Max Mangold, ed. (1995).
Duden, Ausspracheworterbuch (Duden Pronunciation Dictionary)
(in German) (6th ed.). Mannheim: Dudenverlag Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus AG. pp. 316, 53f.
ISBN
3-411-04066-1
.
- ^
"letter to the editor"
.
The Sofia Echo
. 13 November 2006. Archived from
the original
on 16 November 2006
. Retrieved
25 April
2011
.
- ^
"Bulgaria wins victory in "evro" battle"
.
Reuters
. 18 October 2007.
- ^
Elena Koinova (19 October 2007).
"
"Evro" dispute over ? Portuguese foreign minister"
.
The Sofia Echo
. Archived from
the original
on 12 June 2016
. Retrieved
25 April
2011
.
- ^
"
euro
entry in Retskrivningsorbogen"
(in Danish).
Dansk Sprognævn
. Archived from
the original
on 27 September 2007
. Retrieved
17 October
2006
.
- ^
"Mogen winkeliers betalingen afronden op 5 eurocent?"
.
Postbus 51
. het ministerie van Algemene Zaken. 20 July 2009
. Retrieved
5 February
2010
.
- ^
"Afronding eurocent"
.
Eurobankbiljetten en munten
. De Nederlandsche Bank. Archived from
the original
on 14 December 2009
. Retrieved
5 February
2010
.
- ^
"Euro stijgt boven 85 dollarcent uit"
.
de Volkskrant
. Persgroep Nederland. 28 November 2000
. Retrieved
5 February
2010
.
- ^
"For instance in the headline of this 2007 local newspaper"
. Deweekkrant.nl
. Retrieved
25 April
2011
.
- ^
"euri / euro's - Genootschap Onze Taal"
. Onzetaal.nl
. Retrieved
23 September
2014
.
- ^
Berlin, Howard M. (14 June 2015).
World Monetary Units: An Historical Dictionary, Country by Country
. McFarland.
ISBN
978-1-4766-0673-6
– via Google Books.
- ^
The Associated Press Stylebook 2016
. Basic Books. 1 August 2016.
ISBN
978-0-465-09338-0
– via Google Books.
- ^
Wroe, Ann (3 May 2018).
The Economist Style Guide: 12th Edition
. Profile Books.
ISBN
978-1-78283-348-2
– via Google Books.
- ^
"Euro | Definition of Euro by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Euro"
.
Lexico
Dictionaries
. Archived from
the original
on 20 June 2021
. Retrieved
2 January
2021
.
- ^
"Euro definition and meaning"
.
Collins English Dictionary
. Retrieved
2 January
2021
.
- ^
"Definition of EURO"
.
Merriam-Webster
. Retrieved
2 January
2021
.
- ^
Michael Everson
.
"
Euro
or
eora
?
Cent
or
ceint
? The new currency and Ireland"
(PDF)
. First published in Irish in An Aimsir Og 2001, vol 2. Baile Atha Cliath: Coisceim. ISSN 1393-9351
. Retrieved
28 February
2008
.
- ^
"Currencies 8.5"
(PDF)
.
English Style Guide: A handbook for authors and translators in the European Commission
(Last updated November 2020; 8th ed.). European Commission Directorate-General for Translation. January 2016
. Retrieved
2 January
2021
.
The euro. Like 'pound', 'dollar' or any other currency name in English, the word 'euro' is written in lower case with no initial capital. The plural of 'euro' is 'euro' (without 's'): This book costs ten euro and fifty cents
- ^
The old text is quoted here:
Phoebus Athanassiou (February 2006).
"ECB Legal Working Paper Series No. 2: The Application of Multilingualism in the European Union Context"
(PDF)
.
European Central Bank
. p. 27, footnote 111
. Retrieved
13 January
2009
.
Translation style guide (20.7) "Guidelines on the use of the euro, issued via the Secretariat-General, state that the plurals of both 'euro' and 'cent' are to be written without 's' in English. Do this when amending or referring to legal texts that themselves observe this rule. However, in all other texts, especially documents intended for the general public, use the natural plurals 'euros' and 'cents'."
Interinstitutional style guide (7.3.1): "In English, the terms euro and cent are invariable (no plural 's'), notwithstanding the acknowledgement in a footnote that 'The spelling without an "s" may be seen as departing from usual English practice for currencies'."
- ^
"An open letter to the Minister for Finance"
(PDF)
.
Michael Everson
. 22 March 2002
. Retrieved
28 February
2008
.
- ^
"Charlie McCreevy: Response to the Open Letter to the Minister"
. Evertype.com. 17 April 2002
. Retrieved
25 April
2011
.
- ^
Keenan, Brendan (7 January 1999).
"What's in a name as the Tower of Babel confronts the euro"
.
Irish Independent
. Retrieved
14 May
2020
.
- ^
"Euro, euros, you're all right now"
.
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L'Academie francaise a l'unanimite, dans sa seance du jeudi 13 decembre 2001, rappelle que la centieme partie de l'euro doit se dire et s'ecrire centime.
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Babel, Ralph.
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[. . .] Article 2 of Council Regulation (EC) No 974/98 of 3 May 1998 on the introduction of the euro2 stipulates that '… the currency of the participating Member States shall be the euro'3. Recital 2 to this Regulation notes that, at its meeting in Madrid on 15 and 16 December 1995, the European Council considered that '… the name of the single currency must be the same in all the official languages of the European Union, taking into account the existence of different alphabets'. Taken together, these two provisions make it clear that the name of the single currency is the 'euro' and that this name should be identical in all legal acts published in Community languages.
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[. . .] To make the euro's singleness apparent, Community law6 requires a single spelling of the word 'euro' in the nominative singular case in all Community and national legislative provisions.
- ^
"EUROPA ? Treaty of Lisbon ? Full text of the Treaty"
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Zanichelli dictionaries,
Euro o euri?
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Ilze Sedli?a; Zaida Kalni?a; ≪Latvijas V?stnesis≫.
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{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link
)
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El mot euro es pronuncia diferent, segons la procedencia de cada parlant: en catala central i a Menorca i a les Pitiuses, la e d'aquest mot es pronuncia oberta i la vocal final es pronuncia u; a Mallorca, la e es pronuncia oberta i la o final es pronuncia tancada; en catala occidental, tant en nord-occidental com en valencia, la e i la o es pronuncien tancades.
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"???? ?? ????? - ??????? ????? ??????"
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a
b
c
"Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru - euro"
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"BydTermCymru - ewro"
.
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"Porth Termau Cenedlaethol Cymru - ewro"
.
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"BydTermCymru - sent"
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External links
[
edit
]
Look up
euro
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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General
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Administration
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Fiscal provisions
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Economy
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International status
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Denominations
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Coins by country with minting rights
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Potential adoption by
other countries
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History
| General
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Previous EU members
and euro
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Preceding currencies
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Former fiscal provisions
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