1910 encyclopaedia
Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
First page of the
Encyclopædia Britannica
, Eleventh Edition
|
Language
| British English
|
---|
Release number
| 11
|
---|
Subject
| General
|
---|
Publisher
| Horace Everett Hooper
|
---|
Publication date
| 1910?1911
|
---|
Publication place
| United States
|
---|
Media type
| Print and digital
|
---|
Preceded by
| Encyclopædia Britannica
Tenth Edition
|
---|
Followed by
| Encyclopædia Britannica
Twelfth Edition
(supplementary update), Encyclopædia Britannica
Fourteenth Edition
(full revision)
|
---|
Text
| Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
at
Wikisource
|
---|
The
Encyclopædia Britannica
Eleventh Edition
(1910?1911) is a 29-volume reference work, an edition of the real
Encyclopædia Britannica
. It was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time. This edition of the encyclopaedia, containing 40,000 entries, has entered the
public domain
and is readily available on the Internet. Its use in modern scholarship and as a reliable source has been deemed problematic due to the outdated nature of some of its content.
[1]
Modern scholars have deemed some articles as
cultural artifacts
of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Additionally, the 11th edition has retained considerable value as a time capsule of scientific and historical information, as well as scholarly attitudes of the era immediately preceding
World War I
.
Background
[
edit
]
The 1911 eleventh edition was assembled with the management of American publisher
Horace Everett Hooper
.
Hugh Chisholm
, who had edited the previous edition, was appointed editor-in-chief, with
Walter Alison Phillips
as his principal assistant editor.
[2]
Originally, Hooper bought the rights to the 25-volume
9th edition
and persuaded the British newspaper
The Times
to issue its reprint, with eleven additional volumes (35 volumes total) as the tenth edition, which was published in 1902. Hooper's association with
The Times
ceased in 1909, and he negotiated with the
Cambridge University Press
to publish the 29-volume eleventh edition. Though it is generally perceived as a quintessentially British work, the eleventh edition had substantial American influences, in not only the increased amount of American and Canadian content, but also the efforts made to make it more popular.
[3]
American marketing methods also assisted sales. Some 14% of the contributors (214 of 1507) were from North America, and a New York office was established to coordinate their work.
[4]
The initials of the encyclopaedia's contributors appear at the end of selected articles or at the end of a section in the case of longer articles, such as that on China, and a key is given in each volume to these initials. Some articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time, such as
Edmund Gosse
,
J. B. Bury
,
Algernon Charles Swinburne
,
John Muir
,
Peter Kropotkin
,
T. H. Huxley
,
James Hopwood Jeans
and
William Michael Rossetti
. Among the then lesser-known contributors were some who would later become distinguished, such as
Ernest Rutherford
and
Bertrand Russell
. Many articles were carried over from the
9th edition
, some with minimal updating. Some of the book-length articles were divided into smaller parts for easier reference, yet others were much abridged. The best-known authors generally contributed only a single article or part of an article. Most of the work was done by journalists,
British Museum
scholars and other scholars. The 1911 edition was the first edition of the encyclopaedia to include more than just a handful of female contributors, with 34 women contributing articles to the edition.
[5]
These included
Adelaide Anderson
,
Gertrude Bell
,
Margaret Bryant
,
Constance Jocelyn Ffoulkes
,
Harriette Lombard Hennessy
, and
Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick
.
[5]
The eleventh edition introduced a number of changes of the format of the
Britannica
. It was the first to be published complete, instead of the previous method of volumes being released as they were ready. The
print type
was kept in
galley proofs
and subject to continual updating until publication. It was the first edition of
Britannica
to be issued with a comprehensive index volume in which was added a categorical index, where like topics were listed. It was the first not to include long treatise-length articles. Even though the overall length of the work was about the same as that of its predecessor, the number of articles had increased from 17,000 to 40,000. It was also the first edition of
Britannica
to include biographies of living people. Sixteen maps of the famous 9th edition of
Stielers Handatlas
were exclusively translated to English, converted to
imperial units
, printed in
Gotha
, Germany, by
Justus Perthes
and the maps became a part of this edition. Later editions only included Perthes' maps as low-quality reproductions.
[6]
According to Coleman and Simmons,
[7]
the content of the encyclopaedia was distributed as follows:
Hooper sold the rights to
Sears, Roebuck and Company
of Chicago in 1920, completing the
Britannica
'
s transition to becoming a substantially American publication.
[8]
In 1922, an additional three volumes (also edited by Hugh Chisholm) where published, covering the events of the intervening years, including
World War I
. These, together with a reprint of the eleventh edition, formed the twelfth edition of the work. A similar thirteenth edition, consisting of three volumes plus a reprint of the twelfth edition, was published in 1926. The London editor was
J.L. Garvin
, as Chisholm had died.
[9]
The twelfth and thirteenth editions were closely related to the eleventh edition and shared much of the same content. However, it became increasingly apparent that a more thorough update of the work was required.
The fourteenth edition, published in 1929, was considerably revised, with much text eliminated or abridged to make room for new topics. Nevertheless, the eleventh edition was the basis of every later version of the
Encyclopædia Britannica
until the completely new fifteenth edition was published in 1974, using modern information presentation.
The eleventh edition's articles are still of value and interest to modern readers and scholars, especially as a
cultural artifact
: the
British Empire
was at its maximum,
imperialism
was largely unchallenged, much of the world was still ruled by monarchs, and the tumultuous
world wars
were still in the future. They are a resource for topics omitted from modern encyclopaedias, particularly for biography and the history of science and technology. As a literary text, the encyclopaedia has value as an example of early 20th-century prose. For example, it employs
literary devices
, such as
pathetic fallacy
(attribution of human-like traits to impersonal forces or inanimate objects), which are not as common in modern reference texts.
[7]
Reviews
[
edit
]
Wikisource
has original text related to this article:
In 1917, using the pseudonym of S. S. Van Dine, the US art critic and author
Willard Huntington Wright
published
Misinforming a Nation
, a 200+ page criticism of inaccuracies and biases of the
Encyclopædia Britannica
eleventh edition. Wright claimed that
Britannica
was "characterized by misstatements, inexcusable omissions, rabid and patriotic prejudices, personal animosities, blatant errors of fact, scholastic ignorance, gross neglect of non-British culture, an astounding egotism, and an undisguised contempt for American progress".
[10]
Amos Urban Shirk
, known for having read the eleventh and fourteenth editions in their entirety, said he found the fourteenth edition to be a "big improvement" over the eleventh, stating that "most of the material had been completely rewritten".
Robert Collison
, in
Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout The Ages
(1966), wrote of the eleventh edition that it "was probably the finest edition of the
Britannica
ever issued, and it ranks with the
Enciclopedia Italiana
and the
Espasa
as one of the three greatest encyclopaedias. It was the last edition to be produced almost in its entirety in Britain, and its position in time as a summary of the world's knowledge just before the outbreak of World War I is particularly valuable".
Sir
Kenneth Clark
, in
Another Part of the Wood
(1974), wrote of the eleventh edition, "One leaps from one subject to another, fascinated as much by the play of mind and the
idiosyncrasies
of their authors as by the facts and dates. It must be the last encyclopaedia in the tradition of
Diderot
which assumes that information can be made memorable only when it is slightly coloured by prejudice. When
T. S. Eliot
wrote 'Soul curled up on the window seat reading the
Encyclopædia Britannica
,' he was certainly thinking of the eleventh edition." (Clark refers to Eliot's 1929 poem "
Animula
".) It was one of
Jorge Luis Borges
's favourite works, and was a source of information and enjoyment for his entire working life.
[11]
In 1912, mathematician
L. C. Karpinski
criticised the eleventh edition for inaccuracies in articles on the
history of mathematics
, none of which had been written by specialists.
[12]
English writer and former priest
Joseph McCabe
claimed in
Lies and Fallacies of the Encyclopædia Britannica
(1947) that
Britannica
was censored under pressure from the
Roman Catholic Church
after the 11th edition.
[13]
Initially, the eleventh edition received criticism from members of the Roman Catholic Church, who accused it of misrepresenting and being
biased against Catholics
.
[14]
The most "vociferous" American Catholic critics of the eleventh edition were editors of the
Christian
magazine
America
.
[14]
Authorities ranging from
Virginia Woolf
to professors criticised the 11th edition for having
bourgeois
and old-fashioned opinions on art, literature, and social sciences.
[5]
A contemporary
Cornell
professor,
Edward B. Titchener
, wrote in 1912, "the new
Britannica
does not reproduce the psychological atmosphere of its day and generation... Despite the halo of authority, and despite the scrutiny of the staff, the great bulk of the secondary articles in general psychology ... are not adapted to the requirements of the intelligent reader".
[15]
In an April 2012 article, Nate Pederson of
The Guardian
said that the eleventh edition represented "a peak of colonial optimism before the slaughter of war" and that the edition "has acquired an almost mythic reputation among collectors".
[16]
Critics have charged several editions with racism,
[17]
[18]
sexism
,
[5]
and
antisemitism
.
[16]
The eleventh edition
characterises
the
Ku Klux Klan
as protecting the white race and restoring order to the
American South
after the
American Civil War
, citing the need to "control the negro", and "the frequent occurrence of the crime of rape by negro men upon white women".
[19]
[20]
Similarly,
the "Civilization" article
argues for
eugenics
, stating that it is irrational to "propagate low orders of intelligence, to feed the ranks of paupers, defectives and criminals ... which to-day constitute so threatening an obstacle to racial progress".
[21]
The eleventh edition has no biography of
Marie Curie
, despite her winning the
Nobel Prize in Physics
in 1903 and the
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
in 1911, although she is mentioned briefly under the biography of her husband
Pierre Curie
.
[22]
The
Britannica
employed a large female editorial staff that wrote hundreds of articles for which they were not given credit.
[5]
Public domain
[
edit
]
The 1911 edition is no longer restricted by
copyright
, and it is therefore freely available in several more modern forms. While it may once have been a reliable description of the academic consensus of its time,
[
according to whom?
]
many modern readers find fault with the
Encyclopedia
for several major errors,
ethnocentric
and
racist
remarks, and other issues:
- Contemporary opinions of
race
and
ethnicity
are included in the
Encyclopædia
'
s articles. For example, the entry for "
Negro
" states, "Mentally the negro is inferior to the white... the arrest or even deterioration of mental development [after adolescence] is no doubt very largely due to the fact that after puberty sexual matters take the first place in the negro's life and thoughts."
[23]
The article about the
American Revolutionary War
attributes the success of the United States in part to "a population mainly of good English blood and instincts".
[24]
- Many articles are now outdated factually, in particular those concerning science, technology,
international
and
municipal law
, and medicine. For example, the article on the vitamin deficiency disease
beriberi
speculates that it is caused by a fungus,
vitamins
not having been discovered at the time.
- Even where the facts might still be accurate, new information, theories and perspectives developed since 1911 have substantially changed the way the same facts might be interpreted. For example, the modern interpretation of the history of the
Visigoths
is now very different from that of 1911; readers of the eleventh edition who want to know about the social customs and political life of the tribe and its warriors are told to look up the entry for their king,
Alaric I
.
The eleventh edition of
Encyclopædia Britannica
has become a commonly quoted source, both because of the reputation of the
Britannica
and because it is now in the
public domain
and has been made available on the Internet. It has been used as a source by many modern projects, including Wikipedia and the
Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia
.
Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia
[
edit
]
The
Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia
is the eleventh edition of the
Encyclopædia Britannica
, renamed to address Britannica's trademark concerns.
Project Gutenberg
's offerings are summarized below in the
External links
section and include text and graphics. As of 2018
[update]
,
Distributed Proofreaders
are working on producing a complete electronic edition of the 1911
Encyclopædia Britannica
.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Boyles, Denis (2016).
Everything Explained That Is Explainable: On the Creation of the Encyclopaedia Britannica's Celebrated Eleventh Edition, 1910?1911
. Knopf. pp. xi?x.
ISBN
9780307269171
.
- ^
S. Padraig Walsh,
Anglo-American General Encyclopedias: A Historical Bibliography
(1968), p. 49
- ^
"AuctionZip"
.
AuctionZip
. AuctionZip
. Retrieved
April 4,
2020
.
- ^
Boyles (2016), p. 242
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Thomas, Gillian (1992).
A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica
. Metuchen, NJ:
Scarecrow Press
.
ISBN
0-8108-2567-8
.
- ^
Wolfgang Lierz:
Karten aus Stielers Hand-Atlas in der "Encyclopaedia Britannica".
In:
Cartographica Helvetica.
Heft 29, 2004,
ISSN
1015-8480
, S. 27?34
online
Archived
July 29, 2016, at the
Wayback Machine
.
- ^
a
b
All There is to Know
(1994), edited by Alexander Coleman and
Charles Simmons
. Subtitled: "Readings from the Illustrious Eleventh Edition of the
Encyclopædia Britannica
". p. 32.
ISBN
0-671-76747-X
- ^
"Encyclopædia Britannica ? Eleventh edition and its supplements | English language reference work"
. Retrieved
August 29,
2016
.
- ^
Stewart, Donald E. (October 20, 2020).
"Encyclopædia Britannica"
. Encyclopædia Britannica
. Retrieved
March 30,
2021
.
- ^
Misinforming a Nation.
1917.
Chapter 1
.
- ^
Woodall, James (1996).
Borges: A Life
. New York: BasicBooks. p.
76
.
ISBN
0-465-04361-5
.
- ^
Karpinski, L. C.
(1912).
"History of Mathematics in the Recent Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica"
.
Science
.
35
(888): 29?31.
Bibcode
:
1912Sci....35...29K
.
doi
:
10.1126/science.35.888.29
.
PMID
17752897
.
- ^
McCabe, J
(1947).
Lies and Fallacies of the Encyclopædia Britannica
. Haldeman-Julius. ASIN B0007FFJF4
. Retrieved
June 30,
2011
.
- ^
a
b
Lombardo, Michael F. (2009).
"A Voice of Our Own: "America" and the "Encyclopaedia Britannica" Controversy, 1911?1936"
.
American Catholic Studies
.
120
(4): 1?28.
ISSN
2161-8542
.
JSTOR
44195256
.
- ^
Titchener, EB
(1912). "The Psychology of the new 'Britannica'
".
American Journal of Psychology
.
23
(1). University of Illinois Press: 37?58.
doi
:
10.2307/1413113
.
JSTOR
1413113
.
- ^
a
b
Pederson, Nate (April 10, 2012).
"The magic of Encyclopedia Britannica's 11th edition"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
April 28,
2021
.
- ^
Chalmers, F. Graeme (1992). "The Origins of Racism in the Public School Art Curriculum".
Studies in Art Education
.
33
(3): 134?143.
doi
:
10.2307/1320895
.
JSTOR
1320895
.
- ^
Citing from the article on "Negro" and discussing the consequences of views such as those stated there: Brooks, Roy L., editor. "Redress for Racism?"
When Sorry Isn't Enough: The Controversy Over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice
, NYU Press, 1999, pp. 395?398.
JSTOR
j.ctt9qg0xt.75
. Accessed August 17, 2020.
- ^
Fleming, Walter Lynwood
(1911).
"Lynch Law"
. In
Chisholm, Hugh
(ed.).
Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^
Fleming, Walter Lynwood
(1911).
"Ku Klux Klan"
. In
Chisholm, Hugh
(ed.).
Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^
Williams, Henry Smith
(1911).
"Civilization"
. In
Chisholm, Hugh
(ed.).
Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^
Chisholm, Hugh
, ed. (1911).
"Curie, Pierre"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 644.
- ^
Joyce, Thomas Athol
(1911).
"Negro"
. In
Chisholm, Hugh
(ed.).
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 344.
- ^
Hannay, David
(1911).
"American War of Independence"
. In
Chisholm, Hugh
(ed.).
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 845.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Boyles, Denis
.
Everything Explained That Is Explainable: On the Creation of the Encyclopaedia Britannica's Celebrated Eleventh Edition, 1910?1911
(2016),
ISBN
0307269175
,
online review
- Wallis, W. D. (1911). "Review of The Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition".
American Anthropologist
.
13
(4): 617?620.
ISSN
0002-7294
.
JSTOR
659453
.
External links
[
edit
]
Wikisource
has original text related to this article:
Free, public-domain sources for 1911
Encyclopædia Britannica
text
[
edit
]
Internet Archive ? Text Archives
Individual Volumes
|
Volume
|
From
|
To
|
Volume 1
|
A
|
Androphagi
|
Volume 2
|
Andros, Sir Edmund
|
Austria
|
Volume 3
|
Austria, Lower
|
Bisectrix
|
Volume 4
|
Bisharin
|
Calgary
|
Volume 5
|
Calhoun, John Caldwell
|
Chatelaine
|
Volume 6
|
Chatelet
|
Constantine
|
Volume 7
|
Constantine Pavlovich
|
Demidov
|
Volume 8
|
Demijohn
|
Edward the Black Prince
|
Volume 9
|
Edwardes, Sir Herbert Benjamin
|
Evangelical Association
|
Volume 10
|
Evangelical Church Conference
|
Francis Joseph I
|
Volume 11
|
Franciscans
|
Gibson, William Hamilton
|
Volume 12
|
Gichtel, Johann Georg
|
Harmonium
|
Volume 13
|
Harmony
|
Hurstmonceaux
|
Volume 14
|
Husband
|
Italic
|
Volume 15
|
Italy
|
Kyshtym
|
Volume 16
|
L
|
Lord Advocate
|
Volume 17
|
Lord Chamberlain
|
Mecklenburg
|
Volume 18
|
Medal
|
Mumps
|
Volume 19
|
Mun, Adrien Albert Marie de
|
Oddfellows, Order of
|
Volume 20
|
Ode
|
Payment of members
|
Volume 21
|
Payn, James
|
Polka
|
Volume 22
|
Poll
|
Reeves, John Sims
|
Volume 23
|
Refectory
|
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin
|
Volume 24
|
Sainte-Claire Deville, Etienne Henri
|
Shuttle
|
Volume 25
|
Shuvalov, Peter Andreivich
|
Subliminal self
|
Volume 26
|
Submarine mines
|
Tom-Tom
|
Volume 27
|
Tonalite
|
Vesuvius
|
Volume 28
|
Vetch
|
Zymotic diseases
|
Volume 29
|
Index
|
List of contributors
|
Volume 1 of 1922 supp
|
Abbe
|
English History
|
Volume 2 of 1922 supp
|
English Literature
|
Oyama, Iwao
|
Volume 3 of 1922 supp
|
Pacific Ocean Islands
|
Zuloaga
|
Volume 1 of 1926 supp
|
Aaland Islands
|
Eye
|
Volume 2 of 1926 supp
|
Fabre
|
Oyama
|
Volume 3 of 1926 supp
|
Pacific
|
Zuyder Zee
|
Reader's Guide ? 1913
|
|
|
Year-Book ? 1913
|
|
|
Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia
As of 16 December 2014
[update]
|
Section
|
From
|
|
To
|
Volume 1
:
|
A
|
?
|
Androphagi
|
Volume 2.1
:
|
Andros, Sir Edmund
|
?
|
Anise
|
Volume 2.2
:
|
Anjar
|
?
|
Apollo
|
Volume 2.3
:
|
Apollodorus
|
?
|
Aral
|
Volume 2.4
:
|
Aram, Eugene
|
?
|
Arcueil
|
Volume 2.5
:
|
Arculf
|
?
|
Armour, Philip
|
Volume 2.6
:
|
Armour Plates
|
?
|
Arundel, Earls of
|
Volume 2.7
:
|
Arundel, Thomas
|
?
|
Athens
|
Volume 2.8
:
|
Atherstone
|
?
|
Austria
|
Volume 3.1
:
|
Austria, Lower
|
?
|
Bacon
|
Volume 3.2
:
|
Baconthorpe
|
?
|
Bankruptcy
|
Volume 3.3
:
|
Banks
|
?
|
Bassoon
|
Volume 3.4
:
|
Basso-relievo
|
?
|
Bedfordshire
|
Volume 3.5
:
|
Bedlam
|
?
|
Benson, George
|
Volume 3.6
:
|
Bent, James
|
?
|
Bibirine
|
Volume 3.7
:
|
Bible
|
?
|
Bisectrix
|
Volume 4.1
:
|
Bisharin
|
?
|
Bohea
|
Volume 4.2
:
|
Bohemia
|
?
|
Borgia, Francis
|
Volume 4.3
:
|
Borgia, Lucrezia
|
?
|
Bradford, John
|
Volume 4.4
:
|
Bradford, William
|
?
|
Brequigny, Louis
|
Volume 4.5
:
|
Brequigny
|
?
|
Bulgaria
|
Volume 4.6
:
|
Bulgaria
|
?
|
Calgary
|
Volume 5.1
:
|
Calhoun
|
?
|
Camoens
|
Volume 5.2
:
|
Camorra
|
?
|
Cape Colony
|
Volume 5.3
:
|
Capefigue
|
?
|
Carneades
|
Volume 5.4
:
|
Carnegie, Andrew
|
?
|
Casus Belli
|
Volume 5.5
:
|
Cat
|
?
|
Celt
|
Volume 5.6
:
|
Celtes, Konrad
|
?
|
Ceramics
|
Volume 5.7
:
|
Cerargyrite
|
?
|
Charing Cross
|
Volume 5.8
:
|
Chariot
|
?
|
Chatelaine
|
Volume 6.1
:
|
Chatelet
|
?
|
Chicago
|
Volume 6.2
:
|
Chicago, University of
|
?
|
Chiton
|
Volume 6.3
:
|
Chitral
|
?
|
Cincinnati
|
Volume 6.4
:
|
Cincinnatus
|
?
|
Cleruchy
|
Volume 6.5
:
|
Clervaux
|
?
|
Cockade
|
Volume 6.6
:
|
Cockaigne
|
?
|
Columbus, Christopher
|
Volume 6.7
:
|
Columbus
|
?
|
Condottiere
|
Volume 6.8
:
|
Conduction, Electric
|
?
|
|
Volume 7.1
:
|
Prependix
|
?
|
|
Volume 7.2
:
|
Constantine Pavlovich
|
?
|
Convention
|
Volume 7.3
:
|
Convention
|
?
|
Copyright
|
Volume 7.4
:
|
Coquelin
|
?
|
Costume
|
Volume 7.5
:
|
Cosway
|
?
|
Coucy
|
Volume 7.6
:
|
Coucy-le-Chateau
|
?
|
Crocodile
|
Volume 7.7
:
|
Crocoite
|
?
|
Cuba
|
Volume 7.8
:
|
Cube
|
?
|
Daguerre, Louis
|
Volume 7.9
:
|
Dagupan
|
?
|
David
|
Volume 7.10
:
|
David, St
|
?
|
Demidov
|
Volume 8.2
:
|
Demijohn
|
?
|
Destructor
|
Volume 8.3
:
|
Destructors
|
?
|
Diameter
|
Volume 8.4
:
|
Diameter
|
?
|
Dinarchus
|
Volume 8.5
:
|
Dinard
|
?
|
Dodsworth
|
Volume 8.6
:
|
Dodwell
|
?
|
Drama
|
Volume 8.7
:
|
Drama
|
?
|
Dublin
|
Volume 8.8
:
|
Dubner
|
?
|
Dyeing
|
Volume 8.9
:
|
Dyer
|
?
|
Echidna
|
Volume 8.10
:
|
Echinoderma
|
?
|
Edward
|
Volume 9.1
:
|
Edwardes
|
?
|
Ehrenbreitstein
|
Volume 9.2
:
|
Ehud
|
?
|
Electroscope
|
Volume 9.3
:
|
Electrostatics
|
?
|
Engis
|
Volume 9.4
:
|
England
|
?
|
English Finance
|
Volume 9.5
:
|
English History
|
?
|
|
Volume 9.6
:
|
English Language
|
?
|
Epsom Salts
|
Volume 9.7
:
|
Equation
|
?
|
Ethics
|
Volume 9.8
:
|
Ethiopia
|
?
|
Evangelical Association
|
Volume 10.1
:
|
Evangelical Church Conference
|
?
|
Fairbairn, Sir William
|
Volume 10.2
:
|
Fairbanks, Erastus
|
?
|
Fens
|
Volume 10.3
:
|
Fenton, Edward
|
?
|
Finistere
|
Volume 10.4
:
|
Finland
|
?
|
Fleury, Andre
|
Volume 10.5
:
|
Fleury, Claude
|
?
|
Foraker, Joseph Henson
|
Volume 10.6
:
|
Foraminifera
|
?
|
Fox, Edward
|
Volume 10.7
:
|
Fox, George
|
?
|
France[p.775-p.894]
|
Volume 10.8
:
|
France[p.895-p.929]
|
?
|
Francis Joseph I.
|
Volume 11.1
:
|
Franciscians
|
?
|
French Language
|
Volume 11.2
:
|
French Literature
|
?
|
Frost, William
|
Volume 11.3
:
|
Frost
|
?
|
Fyzabad
|
Volume 11.4
:
|
G
|
?
|
Gaskell, Elizabeth
|
Volume 11.5
:
|
Gassendi, Pierre
|
?
|
Geocentric
|
Volume 11.6
:
|
Geodesy
|
?
|
Geometry
|
Volume 11.7
:
|
Geoponici
|
?
|
Germany[p.804-p.840]
|
Volume 11.8
:
|
Germany[p.841-p.901]
|
?
|
Gibson, William
|
Volume 12.1
:
|
Gichtel, Johann
|
?
|
Glory
|
Volume 12.2
:
|
Gloss
|
?
|
Gordon, Charles George
|
Volume 12.3
:
|
Gordon, Lord George
|
?
|
Grasses
|
Volume 12.4
:
|
Grasshopper
|
?
|
Greek Language
|
Volume 12.5
:
|
Greek Law
|
?
|
Ground-Squirrel
|
Volume 12.6
:
|
Groups, Theory of
|
?
|
Gwyniad
|
Volume 12.7
:
|
Gyantse
|
?
|
Hallel
|
Volume 12.8
:
|
Haller, Albrecht
|
?
|
Harmonium
|
Volume 13.1
:
|
Harmony
|
?
|
Heanor
|
Volume 13.2
:
|
Hearing
|
?
|
Helmond
|
Volume 13.3
:
|
Helmont, Jean
|
?
|
Hernosand
|
Volume 13.4
:
|
Hero
|
?
|
Hindu Chronology
|
Volume 13.5
:
|
Hinduism
|
?
|
Home, Earls of
|
Volume 13.6
:
|
Home, Daniel
|
?
|
Hortensius, Quintus
|
Volume 13.7
:
|
Horticulture
|
?
|
Hudson Bay
|
Volume 13.8
:
|
Hudson River
|
?
|
Hurstmonceaux
|
Volume 14.1
:
|
Husband
|
?
|
Hydrolysis
|
Volume 14.2
:
|
Hydromechanics
|
?
|
Ichnography
|
Volume 14.3
:
|
Ichthyology
|
?
|
Independence
|
Volume 14.4
:
|
Independence, Declaration of
|
?
|
Indo-European Languages
|
Volume 14.5
:
|
Indole
|
?
|
Insanity
|
Volume 14.6
:
|
Inscriptions
|
?
|
Ireland, William Henry
|
Volume 14.7
:
|
Ireland
|
?
|
Isabey, Jean Baptiste
|
Volume 14.8
:
|
Isabnormal Lines
|
?
|
Italic
|
Volume 15.1
:
|
Italy
|
?
|
Jacobite Church
|
Volume 15.2
:
|
Jacobites
|
?
|
Japan
(part)
|
Volume 15.3
:
|
Japan
(part)
|
?
|
Jeveros
|
Volume 15.4
:
|
Jevons, Stanley
|
?
|
Joint
|
Volume 15.5
:
|
Joints
|
?
|
Justinian I.
|
Volume 15.6
:
|
Justinian II.
|
?
|
Kells
|
Volume 15.7
:
|
Kelly, Edward
|
?
|
Kite
|
Volume 15.8
:
|
Kite-flying
|
?
|
Kyshtym
|
Volume 16.1
:
|
L
|
?
|
Lamellibranchia
|
Volume 16.2
:
|
Lamennais, Robert de
|
?
|
Latini, Brunetto
|
Volume 16.3
:
|
Latin Language
|
?
|
Lefebvre, Pierre Francois Joseph
|
Volume 16.4
:
|
Lefebvre, Tanneguy
|
?
|
Letronne, Jean Antoine
|
Volume 16.5
:
|
Letter
|
?
|
Lightfoot, John
|
Volume 16.6
:
|
Lightfoot, Joseph Barber
|
?
|
Liquidation
|
Volume 16.7
:
|
Liquid Gases
|
?
|
Logar
|
Volume 16.8
:
|
Logarithm
|
?
|
Lord Advocate
|
Volume 17.1
:
|
Lord Chamberlain
|
?
|
Luqm?n
|
Volume 17.2
:
|
Luray Cavern
|
?
|
Mackinac Island
|
Volume 17.3
:
|
McKinley, William
|
?
|
Magnetism, Terrestrial
|
Volume 17.4
:
|
Magnetite
|
?
|
Malt
|
Volume 17.5
:
|
Malta
|
?
|
Map, Walter
|
Volume 17.6
:
|
Map
|
?
|
Mars
|
Volume 17.7
:
|
Mars
|
?
|
Matteawan
|
Volume 17.8
:
|
Matter
|
?
|
Mecklenburg
|
Other sources for 1911
Encyclopædia Britannica
text
[
edit
]
- Encyclopedia Britannica 1911
, www.theodora.com
? unedited, html version, from scan/ocr of the original text, with interactive alphabetical index, and Google translation into Spanish, Chinese, French, German, Russian, Hindi, Arabic and Portuguese.
- 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica
, StudyLight.org
? "Containing 35,820 entries cross-referenced and cross-linked to other resources on StudyLight.org". "Copyright Statement[:] these [EB 1911] files are public domain".
- The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information (11th edition)
at the
Online Books Page
of the University of Pennsylvania.
The preceding links adopt the spellings used in the target.