Dutch Caribbean island country
Constituent country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Kingdom of the Netherlands
Curacao
(
KURE
-?-soh
,
KURE
-?-sow
,
kure-?-
SOH
, or
kure-?-
SOW
,
[7]
[8]
Dutch:
[kyːraː?s?u]
ⓘ
or
[kuːr-]
,
[9]
Papiamentu
:
[?k?rs?u?]
), officially the
Country of Curacao
(
Dutch
:
Land Curacao
;
[10]
Papiamentu
:
Pais Korsou
),
[11]
[12]
is a
Lesser Antilles
island in the southern
Caribbean Sea
, specifically the
Dutch Caribbean
region, about 65 km (40 mi) north of
Venezuela
. It is a constituent country of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands
.
[13]
Curacao includes the main island of Curacao and much smaller, uninhabited island of
Klein Curacao
("Little Curacao").
[12]
Curacao has a population of 158,665 (January 2019 est.),
[2]
with an area of 444 km
2
(171 sq mi); its capital is
Willemstad
.
[12]
Together with
Aruba
and
Bonaire
, Curacao forms the
ABC islands
. Collectively, Curacao, Aruba, and other Dutch islands in the
Caribbean
are often called the
Dutch Caribbean
. It is the largest of the ABC islands in area and population, and the largest of the Dutch Caribbean.
[14]
The name "Curacao" may originate from the indigenous autonym of its people, supported by early Spanish accounts referring to the inhabitants as Indios Curacaos. Curacao's history begins with the
Arawak
and
Caquetio
Amerindians
, with the island becoming a Spanish colony after
Alonso de Ojeda
's 1499 expedition. Despite being deemed "the useless island" due to poor agricultural yield and lack of precious metals, it became a strategic cattle
ranching
area. Dutch colonization in 1634 shifted the island's focus to trade, shipping, and later, a hub for the
Atlantic slave trade
. The Jewish community, fleeing persecution in Europe, settled here and significantly influenced the economy and culture.
The 18th and 19th centuries saw Curacao under attack by the British but remained predominantly Dutch. Post-abolition of slavery in 1863 led to economic shifts and migrations. Dutch remains the official language, though Papiamentu, English, and Spanish are widely spoken, reflecting the island's diverse cultural influences. Curacao was formerly part of the
Curacao and Dependencies
colony
from 1815 to 1954 and later the
Netherlands Antilles
from 1954 to 2010, as Island Territory of Curacao.
[15]
[16]
[12]
The discovery of oil in the
Maracaibo Basin
in 1914 transformed Curacao into a critical
refinery
location, altering its economic landscape. There were efforts towards becoming a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, achieving autonomy in 2010. Despite facing challenges like economic stagnation and COVID, Curacao continues to navigate its path within the Caribbean and broader world stage.
Etymology
[
edit
]
One explanation for the island's name is that
Curacao
was the
autonym
by which its indigenous peoples identified themselves.
[17]
Early
Spanish
accounts support this theory, referring to the indigenous peoples as
Indios Curacaos
.
[18]
From 1525, the island was featured on Spanish maps as
Curacote, Curasaote, Curasaore
, and even
Curacaute
.
[19]
By the 17th century, it appeared on most maps as
Curacao
or
Curazao.
[18]
On a map created by
Hieronymus Cock
in 1562 in
Antwerp
, the island was called
Quracao
.
[20]
A persistent but undocumented story claims the following: in the 16th and 17th centuries?the early years of European exploration?when
sailors
on long voyages got
scurvy
from lack of
vitamin C
, sick Portuguese or Spanish sailors were left on the island now known as Curacao. When their ship returned, some had recovered, probably after eating vitamin C-rich fruit there. From then on, the Portuguese allegedly referred to the island as
Ilha da Curacao
(Island of Healing) or the Spanish as
Isla de la Curacion.
[12]
History
[
edit
]
Pre-colonial
[
edit
]
The original inhabitants of Curacao were the
Arawak
and
Caquetio
Amerindians
.
[21]
Their ancestors had migrated to the island from the mainland of
South America
, probably hundreds of years before Europeans' first arrival.
Spanish colonization
[
edit
]
The first Europeans recorded as seeing the island were members of a Spanish expedition under the leadership of
Alonso de Ojeda
in 1499.
[21]
The Spaniards
enslaved
most of the Caquetios (Arawak) for
forced labour
in their
Hispaniola
colony, but paid little attention to the island itself.
[21]
In 1515, almost all of the 2,000 Caquetios living there were also transported to Hispaniola as slaves.
Established in
1499
as a Spanish launchpad for exploring northern South America, Curacao was officially settled by Spain in
1527
. It functioned as an island extension of Venezuela throughout the 1500s. As mainland colonization advanced, Spain slowly withdrew from the island. The city registry of
Caracas
,
Venezuela
holds one of the earliest written mentions of Curacao. A document dated 9 December 1595 states that Francisco Montesinos,
priest
and
vicar
of "the Yslas de Curasao,
Aruba
and
Bonaire
" conferred his
power of attorney
to Pedro Gutierrez de Lugo, a Caracas resident, to collect his ecclesiastic salary from the Royal Treasury of
King Philip II of Spain
.
The Spanish introduced numerous tree, plant and animal species to Curacao, including horses, sheep, goats, pigs and cattle from Europe and other Spanish colonies. In general, imported sheep, goats and cattle did relatively well. Cattle were herded by Caquetios and Spaniards and roamed freely in the kunuku plantations and
savannas
.
Not all imported species fared equally well, and the Spanish also learned to use Caquetio crops and agricultural methods, as well as those from other Caribbean islands. Though historical sources point to thousands of people living on the island, agricultural yields were disappointing; this and the lack of precious metals in the salt mines led the Spanish to call Curacao "the useless island".
Over time, the number of Spaniards living on Curacao decreased while the number of aboriginal inhabitants stabilized. Presumably through natural growth, return and colonization, the Caquetio population then began to increase. In the last decades of Spanish occupation, Curacao was used as a large cattle ranch. At that point, Spaniards lived around
Santa Barbara
, Santa Ana and in the villages in the western part of the island, while the Caquetios are thought to have lived scattered all over the island.
Dutch colonial rule
[
edit
]
In 1634, during the
Eighty Years' War
of independence between the
Republic of the Netherlands
and Spain, the
Dutch West India Company
under Admiral
Johann van Walbeeck
invaded the island; the Spanish surrendered in San Juan in August. Approximately 30 Spaniards and many indigenous people were then deported to Santa Ana de Coro in Venezuela. About 30 Taino families were allowed to live on the island while Dutch colonists started settling there.
[21]
The Dutch West India Company founded the capital of Willemstad on the banks of an inlet called the Schottegat; the
natural harbour
proved an ideal place for trade. Commerce and shipping?and
piracy
?became Curacao's most important economic activities. Later,
salt mining
became a major industry, the mineral being a lucrative export at the time.
[
citation needed
]
From 1662, the Dutch West India Company made Curacao a centre of the
Atlantic slave trade
, often bringing slaves from West Africa to the island, before selling them elsewhere in the Caribbean and
Spanish Main
.
[21]
Sephardic Jews
fleeing persecution in
Spain
and
Portugal
sought safe haven in
Dutch Brazil
and the
Dutch Republic
. Many settled in Curacao, where they made significant contributions to its civil society, cultural development and economic prosperity.
[22]
In 1674 the island became a
free port
.
[23]
In the
Franco-Dutch War
of 1672?78, French Count
Jean II d'Estrees
planned to attack Curacao. His fleet?12
men-of-war
, three
fire ships
, two transports, a
hospital ship
, and 12
privateers
?met with disaster, losing seven men-of-war and two other ships when they struck
reefs
off the
Las Aves archipelago
. The serious navigational error occurred on 11 May 1678, a week after the fleet set sail from
Saint Kitts
. To commemorate its narrow escape from invasion, Curacao marked the events with a day of thanksgiving, which was celebrated for decades into the 18th century.
[
citation needed
]
Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
.
In 1795,
a major slave revolt
took place under the leaders
Tula Rigaud
, Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curacao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.
[24]
[25]
Curacao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighborhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city of
Coro
in
Falcon State
, which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with the
Viceroyalty of New Granada
that included the present-day countries of
Colombia
and
Venezuela
. In the 19th century, Curacaoans such as
Manuel Piar
and
Luis Brion
were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such as
Simon Bolivar
, regrouped in Curacao.
[26]
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the British attacked the island several times, most notably in
1800
, 1804, and from 1807 to 1815.
[27]
Stable Dutch rule returned in 1815 at the end of the
Napoleonic wars
, when the island was incorporated into the colony of
Curacao and Dependencies
.
[28]
The Dutch
abolished slavery
in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift to
wage labour
.
[28]
Some Curacao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such as
Cuba
, to work in
sugarcane plantations
. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under the
tenant farmer
system,
[29]
in which former slaves leased land from former masters, paying most of their
harvest
to owners as rent. The system lasted until the early 20th century.
[
citation needed
]
Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
[30]
Students on Curacao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the late 17th century, when the British took all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch and
Papiamentu
education in the late 19th century.
[31]
20th and 21st centuries
[
edit
]
When oil was discovered in the Venezuelan
Maracaibo Basin
town of Mene Grande in 1914, Curacao's economy was dramatically altered. In the early years, both
Shell
and
Exxon
held drilling
concessions
in Venezuela, which ensured a constant supply of crude oil to refineries in Aruba and Curacao. Crude oil production in Venezuela was inexpensive. Both Shell and Exxon were
vertically integrated
and controlled the entire industry, from pumping, transporting, and refining to sales. The refineries on Aruba and Curacao operated in global markets and were profitable partly because of the margin between the production costs of crude oil and the revenues made off of products. This provided a safety net for losses incurred through inefficiency or excessive operating costs at the refineries.
[21]
[
unreliable source?
]
In 1929, Curacao was attacked by
Venezuelan
rebel commander
Rafael Simon Urbina
, who, with 250 soldiers, captured the fort. The Venezuelans plundered weapons, ammunition, and the island's treasury. They also managed to capture the Governor of the island, Leonardus Albertus Fruytier (1882?1972), and hauled him off to Venezuela on a stolen American ship,
Maracaibo
. Fruytier was criticized and had to resign as governor. After returning to the Netherlands, he settled for a position as chief inspector in
Maastricht
. The Dutch increased their military presence on the island.
[32]
[33]
In 1936 burning bale of cotton thrown overboard by the crew of the M. S. Colombia, which lay anchored in the Schottegat, caused the oil floating on the water to catch fire. It took days to get the fire under control; houses had to be evacuated, but there were no casualties.
In 1954, Curacao and other Dutch Caribbean colonies were joined to form the
Netherlands Antilles
. Discontent with Curacao's seemingly subordinate relationship to the Netherlands, ongoing
racial discrimination
, and a rise in
unemployment
owing to layoffs in the oil industry led to a
series of riots
in 1969.
[34]
The riots resulted in two deaths, numerous injuries and severe damage in Willemstad. In response, the Dutch government introduced far-reaching reforms, allowing Afro-Curacaoans greater influence over the island's political and economic life, and increased the prominence of the local Papiamentu language.
[35]
Curacao experienced an economic downturn in the early 1980s. Shell's refinery on the island operated with significant losses from 1975 to 1979, and again from 1982 to 1985. Persistent losses, global
overproduction
, stronger competition, and low market expectations threatened the refinery's future. In 1985, after 70 years, Royal Dutch Shell decided to end its activities on Curacao. This came at a crucial moment. Curacao's fragile economy had been stagnant for some time. Several revenue-generating sectors suffered even more during this period: tourism from Venezuela collapsed after the
devaluation
of the
bolivar
, and a slowdown in the transportation sector had deleterious effects on the Antillean Airline Company and the Curacao Dry Dock Company. The offshore financial services industry also experienced a downturn due to new U.S. tax laws.
[
citation needed
]
In the mid-1980s, Shell sold its refinery for the symbolic amount of one
Antillean guilder
to a local government
consortium
. In recent years, the aging refinery has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that its emissions, including
sulfur dioxide
and
particulate matter
, far exceed safety standards.
[36]
The government consortium leases the refinery to the Venezuelan
PDVSA
state oil company.
[36]
Continuing economic hardship in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in much emigration to the Netherlands.
[37]
On 1 July 2007, Curacao was due to become a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On 28 November 2006, the change was delayed when the island council rejected a clarification memorandum on the process. A new island council ratified this agreement on 9 July 2007.
[38]
On 15 December 2008, Curacao was again scheduled to become a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. A non-binding referendum on the move was held in Curacao on 15 May 2009; 52% of voters supported it.
[39]
Since the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles
[
edit
]
The
dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles
came into effect on 10 October 2010.
[40]
[41]
Curacao became a country within the
Kingdom of the Netherlands
, with the kingdom retaining responsibility for
defence
and
foreign policy
. The kingdom was also tasked with overseeing the island's finances under a
debt-relief
arrangement agreed upon between the two.
[42]
Curacao's first
prime minister
was
Gerrit Schotte
. He was succeeded in 2012 by
Stanley Betrian
,
ad interim
. After the 2012 elections,
Daniel Hodge
became the third prime minister on 31 December 2012.
[43]
He led a
demissionary cabinet
until 7 June 2013, when a new cabinet under the leadership of
Ivar Asjes
was sworn in.
[44]
Although Curacao is autonomous, the Netherlands has intervened in its affairs to ensure that parliamentary elections are held and to assist in finalizing accurate budgets. In July 2017, Curacaoan Prime Minister
Eugene Rhuggenaath
said he wanted Curacao to take full responsibility over its affairs, but asked for more cooperation and assistance from the Netherlands, with suggestions for more innovative approaches to help Curacao succeed and increase its
standard of living
.
[45]
[46]
The Dutch government reminded the Curacaoan government that it had provided assistance with oil refinery negotiations with the Chinese "on numerous occasions".
[47]
The 2020
COVID-19 pandemic
resulted in
austerity measures
. Curacao had to impose spending cuts to qualify for additional aid from the Netherlands.
[48]
As part of the austerity package, the Government of Curacao announced a 12.5% cut in benefits for
civil servants
.
[49]
On 24 June 2020, a group of civil servants, together with
waste collectors
from Selikor, marched to
Fort Amsterdam
and demanded to speak with Rhuggenaath.
[49]
The demonstration turned into a
riot
, and police cleared the square in front of Fort Amsterdam
[50]
with
tear gas
.
[51]
The city centre of
Willemstad
was later
looted
.
[50]
48 people were arrested,
[52]
the city districts of
Punda
and
Otrobanda
were placed under
lockdown
for the night, and a general
curfew
was declared from 20:30 to 06:00.
[53]
Geography
[
edit
]
Curacao, as well as the rest of the
ABC islands
and
Trinidad and Tobago
, lies on the
continental shelf
of South America. It is a thin island with a generally hilly topography; the highest point is
Christoffelberg
in the northwest, with a peak at 372 m (1,220 ft) above
sea level
.
[54]
The coastline's bays, inlets and hot springs offer a source of natural minerals, thermal conditions, and seawater used in
hydrotherapy
and
mesotherapy
, making the island one of many
balneoclimateric
areas in the region. Off the southeast coast lies the small, flat island of
Klein Curacao
.
[12]
Flora
[
edit
]
Curacao's flora differ from typical tropical island vegetation.
Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub
is the most notable, with various forms of
cacti
, thorny shrubs,
evergreen
, and
watapana
trees (
Libidibia coriaria
; called
divi-divi
on Aruba), which are characteristic of the ABC islands and the national symbol of Aruba.
Brassavola nodosa
is a
drought-tolerant
species of
Brassavola
,
one of the few
orchids
present in the ABC islands. Cacti include
Melocactus
and
Opuntia
species such as
Opuntia stricta
.
[
citation needed
]
Fauna
[
edit
]
Curacao is
semi-arid
, and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated with
rainforests
. Dozens of species of
hummingbirds
,
bananaquits
,
orioles
, and the larger
terns
,
herons
,
egrets
, and even
flamingos
make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The trupial, a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curacao. The
mockingbird
, called
chuchubi
in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big-billed
brown pelicans
feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types of
gulls
and large
cormorants
.
[55]
Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curacao's most notable animal is the
white-tailed deer
. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching six feet (2 m) in length and three feet (0.9 m) in height, and weighing as much as 300 pounds (140 kg). It has a long tail with a white underside, and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been a
protected species
since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curacao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides.
Archaeologists
believe the deer were brought from South America to Curacao by its original inhabitants, the Arawaks.
[
citation needed
]
There are several species of
iguana
, light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curacao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breeding
sea turtles
. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park, and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.
[
citation needed
]
Climate
[
edit
]
Curacao has a
hot, semi-arid climate
(
Koppen climate classification
BSh
) with a
dry season
from January to September and a
wet season
from October to December.
[56]
Rainfall is scarce, only 450 millimeters (12 inches) per year; in particular, the rainy season is drier than it normally is in tropical climates; during the dry season, it almost never rains. Owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the landscape of Curacao is arid; especially on the north coast of the island. Temperatures are relatively constant, with small differences measured throughout the year. The
trade winds
cool the island during the day and warm it at night. The coolest month is January with an average temperature of 26.6 °C or 80 °F; the hottest is September with an average temperature of 29.1 °C or 84 °F. The year's average maximum temperature is 31.4 °C or 89 °F. The year's average temperature is 25.7 °C or 78 °F. The seawater around Curacao averages around 27 °C (81 °F) and is coolest (avg. 25.9 °C [78.6 °F]) from February to March, and hottest (avg. 28.2 °C [82.8 °F]) from September to October.
[
citation needed
]
Because Curacao lies North of the
Intertropical Convergence Zone
and in an area of low-level divergence where winds flow parallel to the coast, its climate is much drier than expected for the northeastern side of a continent at its latitude. Rainfall is also extremely variable from year to year,
[57]
being strongly linked to the
El Nino Southern Oscillation
. As little as 200 millimetres or 8 inches may fall in a strong El Nino year, but as much as 1,150 millimetres or 45 inches is not unknown in powerful
La Nina
years.
Curacao lies outside the Atlantic's
Hurricane Alley
but is still occasionally affected by
hurricanes
, as with Hurricane
Hazel
in 1954,
Anna
in 1961,
Felix
in 2007, and
Omar
in 2008. No hurricane has made
landfall
in Curacao since the US
National Hurricane Center
started tracking hurricanes. Curacao has, however, been directly affected by pre-hurricane tropical storms several times; the latest being Hurricane
Tomas
in 2010,
Cesar
in 1996,
Joan
in 1988,
Cora
and
Greta
in 1978,
Edith
and
Irene
in 1971, and
Francelia
in 1969. Tomas brushed past Curacao as a tropical storm, dropping as much as 265 mm (10.4 in) of rain on the island, nearly half its annual precipitation in a single day.
[58]
This made Tomas one of the wettest events in the island's history,
[59]
as well as one of the most devastating; its flooding killed two people and caused over NA?50 million (US$28 million) in damage.
[60]
[61]
According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, average
carbon dioxide emissions per person
on the island were 52 tonnes in 2018, the second highest in the world.
[62]
Meteo, the Curacao weather department, provides up-to-date information about weather conditions via its
website
and
mobile apps
for
iOS
and
Android
.
[63]
Climate data for Curacao - Hato International airport (TNCC) (1981-2010)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
33.3
(91.9)
|
33.2
(91.8)
|
33.0
(91.4)
|
34.7
(94.5)
|
36.0
(96.8)
|
37.5
(99.5)
|
35.0
(95.0)
|
37.4
(99.3)
|
38.3
(100.9)
|
36.0
(96.8)
|
35.6
(96.1)
|
33.3
(91.9)
|
38.3
(100.9)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
29.9
(85.8)
|
30.1
(86.2)
|
30.7
(87.3)
|
31.4
(88.5)
|
32.0
(89.6)
|
32.1
(89.8)
|
32.1
(89.8)
|
32.7
(90.9)
|
32.8
(91.0)
|
32.1
(89.8)
|
31.1
(88.0)
|
30.3
(86.5)
|
31.4
(88.5)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
26.6
(79.9)
|
26.7
(80.1)
|
27.2
(81.0)
|
27.8
(82.0)
|
28.4
(83.1)
|
28.6
(83.5)
|
28.5
(83.3)
|
28.9
(84.0)
|
29.1
(84.4)
|
28.6
(83.5)
|
28.0
(82.4)
|
27.2
(81.0)
|
28.0
(82.4)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
24.4
(75.9)
|
24.5
(76.1)
|
24.9
(76.8)
|
25.6
(78.1)
|
26.3
(79.3)
|
26.5
(79.7)
|
26.1
(79.0)
|
26.5
(79.7)
|
26.6
(79.9)
|
26.2
(79.2)
|
25.6
(78.1)
|
24.9
(76.8)
|
25.7
(78.3)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
21.5
(70.7)
|
20.6
(69.1)
|
21.3
(70.3)
|
22.0
(71.6)
|
21.6
(70.9)
|
22.4
(72.3)
|
22.3
(72.1)
|
21.3
(70.3)
|
22.7
(72.9)
|
21.9
(71.4)
|
22.0
(71.6)
|
21.6
(70.9)
|
20.6
(69.1)
|
Average rainfall mm (inches)
|
46.0
(1.81)
|
28.8
(1.13)
|
14.1
(0.56)
|
19.4
(0.76)
|
21.3
(0.84)
|
22.4
(0.88)
|
41.3
(1.63)
|
39.7
(1.56)
|
49.1
(1.93)
|
102.0
(4.02)
|
122.4
(4.82)
|
95.5
(3.76)
|
602
(23.7)
|
Average rainy days
(≥ 1.0 mm)
|
8.5
|
5.5
|
2.5
|
2.4
|
2.2
|
3.3
|
6.4
|
4.6
|
4.7
|
8.1
|
10.9
|
11.4
|
70.5
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
78.5
|
78.2
|
77.3
|
78.2
|
77.9
|
77.5
|
78.1
|
77.8
|
78.1
|
79.6
|
80.6
|
79.5
|
78.4
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
264.7
|
249.6
|
271.8
|
249.4
|
266.3
|
266.7
|
290.4
|
302.5
|
261.7
|
247.8
|
234.7
|
247.1
|
3,152.7
|
Source: Meteorological Department Curacao
[64]
|
Climate change
[
edit
]
Average temperatures have risen sharply in the past 40 years in the Caribbean Netherlands and Curacao has experienced more warm days and fewer cooler nights.
[65]
The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
predicts that should air temperatures increase by 1.4 degrees, there will be a 5% to 6% decrease in rainfall, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (including a 66% increase in hurricane intensity), and a 0.5- to 0.6-meter sea-level rise in the Caribbean Netherlands.
[65]
Geology
[
edit
]
The northern
seabed
drops steeply within 60 m (200 ft) of the Curacaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the "blue edge".
On Curacao, four major
geological formations
can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curacao formation and limestone formations.
[66]
Curacao lies within the
Caribbean large igneous province
(CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curacao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of 5 km of
pillow lavas
with some
basalt
intrusions
. The ages of these rocks include 89
Ma
for the lavas and 75 Ma for the
poikilitic
sills
, though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62?66 Ma, placing them in the
Cretaceous
period. Their composition includes
picrite
pillows at the base, followed by
tholeiitic
lavas, then
hyaloclastites
, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was gradually
uplifted
until
Eocene
-
Miocene
limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level.
Christoffelberg
and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip
Formation
. This formation includes deepwater deposits of
calcareous
sands
and fine
clays
, capped by
siliceous
chert
containing
radiolarians
. Middle Curacao contains
alluvial
soils from eroded CLF and limestone.
[67]
[68]
Beaches
[
edit
]
Curacao has 37 beaches.
[69]
Most are on the south side of the island. The best known are:
Architecture
[
edit
]
The island has diverse architectural styles reflecting the influence of the various historical rulers over the region, including Spain, the Netherlands, with more modern elements under Western influence primarily including the United States and other European countries. This ranges from
ruins
and colonial buildings to modern infrastructure.
Forts
[
edit
]
When the Dutch arrived in 1634, they built forts at key points around the island to protect themselves from foreign powers, privateers, and pirates. Six of the best-preserved forts can still be seen today:
In 1957, the hotel
Van der Valk Plaza Curacao
was built on top of the Waterfort.
[71]
The Rif Fort is located opposite of the Waterfort, across the
Otrobanda
harbour entrance. It contains restaurants and shops, and in 2009, the Renaissance Curacao Resort and Casino opened next to it.
[72]
[73]
Government
[
edit
]
Curacao is a
constituent country
of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands
.
[12]
Its governance takes place in a framework of a
parliamentary
representative democracy
. The
King of the Netherlands
is the
head of state
, represented locally by a
governor
, with the
Prime Minister of Curacao
serving as
head of government
.
[12]
Executive power
is exercised by the government.
Legislative power
is vested in both the government and
parliament
.
[
citation needed
]
The
judiciary
is
independent
of the executive and the legislature. Convicted
felons
are held at the
Curacao Centre for Detention and Correction
.
[
citation needed
]
Curacao has full autonomy over most matters; the exceptions are outlined in the
Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands
under the title "
Kingdom affairs
".
[
citation needed
]
Military
[
edit
]
Defence of the island is the responsibility of the Netherlands.
[12]
The
Netherlands Armed Forces
deploy both ground and naval units in the Caribbean with some of these forces based on Curacao. These forces include:
Two
Dutch
naval bases, Parera and
Suffisant
, are located on the island of Curacao.
[75]
Officers of the
Arubaanse Militie
complete additional training on Curacao.
[
citation needed
]
The
Curacao Volunteer Corps
is also stationed at the Suffisant Naval Barracks.
[74]
On the west side of
Curacao International Airport
are hangars for the two
Bombardier Dash 8
Maritime Patrol Aircraft and two
AgustaWestland AW139
helicopters of the
Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard
. Until 2007, the site was a
Royal Netherlands Navy
air base
which operated for 55 years with a wide variety of aircraft, including
Fireflies
,
Avengers
,
Trackers
,
Neptunes
,
Fokker F-27s
,
P-3C Orions
,
Fokker F-60s
and several helicopter types. After the political decision to sell off all Orions, the air base wasn't needed anymore.
[
citation needed
]
The west end of the airport is a
USAF
Forward Operating Location
(FOL).
[76]
The base hosts
Airborne Warning And Control System
(AWACS),
cargo aircraft
,
aerial refueling
planes, and
reconnaissance aircraft
.
[76]
Until 1999, the USAF operated a small fleet of
F-16
fighters from the FOL.
[
citation needed
]
The
PAE
corporation runs base operations at the FOL.
[77]
Conscription
[
edit
]
Suffisant Naval Base has facilities used for
conscription
in the Caribbean. There has been no military conscription since 1997, but a form of
civil conscription
has replaced it, compelling underprivileged young Antilleans to undertake professional training.
[78]
Politics
[
edit
]
After being part of the
Netherlands Antilles
, Curacao became autonomous, along with
Sint Maarten
island, while the less populated islands of
Bonaire
,
Sint Eustatius
and
Saba
remained
special municipalities
governed by the Netherlands.
[79]
Economy
[
edit
]
Curacao has an
open economy
; its most important sectors are
tourism
,
international trade
,
shipping services
,
oil refining
,
[80]
oil storage
and
bunkering
, and international
financial services
.
[12]
Venezuelan state oil company
PDVSA
's lease on the island's oil refinery expired in 2019; the facility employs 1,000 people, refining oil from
Venezuela
for export to the US and Asia.
[81]
Schlumberger
, the world's largest oil field services company, is incorporated in Curacao.
[82]
The
Isla oil refinery
[
fr
;
nl
]
is said to be responsible for Curacao's position as one of the world's top five highest per capita CO
2
emission-producing countries.
[83]
Along with
Sint Maarten
, Curacao uses the
Netherlands Antillean guilder
as its currency.
[12]
Its economy is well-developed, supporting a high standard of living, ranking 46th in the world in terms of
GDP (PPP) per capita
and 27th in the world in terms of
nominal GDP per capita
. Curacao possesses a
high-income economy
as defined by the
World Bank
.
[84]
[85]
Activities related to the port of Willemstad, such as the
Free Trade Zone
, make significant contributions to the economy.
[12]
To achieve greater
economic diversification
, the Curacaoan government is increasing its efforts to attract more foreign investment.
[12]
This policy, called the "Open Arms" policy, features a heavy focus on attracting
information technology
companies.
[86]
[87]
[88]
Since 2016, reduced foreign demand for goods due to the ongoing
unrest
and
political uncertainty
in Venezuela has led to decreased exports and increased domestic demand for goods and services, resulting in
economic stagnation
. While many economic sectors contracted, expansion took place in the
construction
,
financial intermediation
, and
utilities
sectors.
[89]
Tourism
[
edit
]
While tourism plays a major role in Curacao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curacao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.
[
citation needed
]
Curacao was a Caribbean leader in
cruise ship
tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.
[90]
Hato International Airport
received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totaling US$48 million aimed at transforming the airport into a
regional hub
by 2018.
The Curacaoan
insular shelf's
sharp drop-off known as the "Blue Edge" is often visited by
scuba diving
tourists.
[91]
Coral reefs for
snorkeling
and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island is
Watamula
and the
Cliff Villa Peninsula
which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curacao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.
[92]
In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean by
Cruise Critic
, a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as "amazing" and the food and shopping as "excellent".
[93]
The historic centre of Willemstad is a
World Heritage Site
. Another attraction is the towns colourful street art. the
Blue Bay Sculpture Garden
with works from known Curacao artists is situated in a nearby resort.
[94]
Landhuis Bloemhof
is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.
[95]
Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism.
Porto Marie Beach
is experimenting with artificial coral reefs in order to improve the reef's condition.
[
citation needed
]
Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.
[96]
Labour
[
edit
]
In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15?64, the employment rate was 70.4%.
[97]
[98]
Financial services
[
edit
]
Curacao's history in
financial services
dates back to
World War I
. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curacao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established private
commercial banks
.
[99]
As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.
The
Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange
is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the
Central Bank of Curacao and Sint Maarten
; the latter of which dates to 1828. It is the oldest
central bank
in the Western Hemisphere.
[100]
The island's legal system supports a variety of corporate structures and is a
corporate haven
. Though Curacao is considered a
tax haven
, it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the
United States Internal Revenue Service
. It is an accepted jurisdiction of the
OECD
and Caribbean
Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering
. The country enforces Anti-
Money Laundering
and
Counter-Terrorism
funding compliance.
[
citation needed
]
Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
[
edit
]
On 30 June 2014, Curacao
[101]
was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act" of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C., on 17 April 2002
[102]
between the U.S. and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curacao, and was updated with respect to Curacao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.
Trade
[
edit
]
Curacao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curacao to export products to European markets,
[103]
free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the US
Caribbean Basin Initiative
allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.
[104]
Prostitution
[
edit
]
Prostitution in Curacao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called "Le Mirage" or "
Campo Alegre
". Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.
[105]
[106]
Curacao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.
[107]
The
U.S. State Department
has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, "Curacao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked."
[108]
The US Department of State has said that the government of Curacao frequently underestimates the extent of
human trafficking
problems.
[108]
Demographics
[
edit
]
Owing to the island's history of colonial times, the majority of the Curacaoans are of
African
, or partial African descent.
[12]
There are also many people of
Dutch
, French,
Latin American
, South Asian, East Asian, and
Levantine
descent.
[
citation needed
]
Religion
[
edit
]
- Religion in Curacao
[109]
Roman Catholic (69.8%)
Protestant (16.7%)
None (10%)
Other (Jewish, Hindu, Muslim, etc.) (3.8%)
Unspecified (0.6%)
The religious breakdown of the population of Curacao, according to a 2011 estimate:
[109]
There has been a shift towards the Charismatic movement in recent decades. Other denominations include the
Seventh-day Adventist Church
and the
Methodist Church
. Alongside these Christian denominations, some inhabitants practise
Montamentu
and other diaspora African religions.
[110]
As elsewhere in Latin America,
Pentecostalism
is on the rise.
[
citation needed
]
There are also practising Muslims and Hindus.
The
Roman Catholic Diocese of Willemstad
encompasses all the territory of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands
in the
Caribbean
which includes
Aruba
, Curacao,
Sint Maarten
, and the islands of
Bonaire
,
St. Eustatius
and
Saba
. The diocese is also a member of the
Antilles Episcopal Conference
.
[
citation needed
]
While small, Curacao's
Jewish
community has had a significant impact on the island's history.
[22]
Curacao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. The
Curacao synagogue
is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.
[111]
Additionally, there are both
Sephardic
and
Ashkenazi
Jewish communities.
[12]
As of the year 2000 there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.
[112]
Languages
[
edit
]
Curacao is a
multilingual
society. The official languages are
Dutch
,
Papiamentu
and English.
[113]
[12]
However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.
[114]
Most of Curacao's population is able to converse in at least two, though more commonly in all four of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.
[
citation needed
]
The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, a
Portuguese creole
with African, Dutch and Spanish influences, spoken in all levels of society.
[12]
Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993, making Curacao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.
[115]
Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curacao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia
[30]
and several Venezuelan TV networks are received. Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British took Curacao, Aruba and
Bonaire
. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted wide use of the language.
[30]
According to the 2001 census, Papiamentu was the
first language
of 81.2% of the population. Dutch of 8%, Spanish of 4%, and English of 2.9%.
[116]
However, these numbers divide the population in terms of first language and do not account for the high rate of
bilingualism
in the population of Curacao.
[
citation needed
]
Localities
[
edit
]
Curacao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts of
Bandabou
and
Bandariba
and the city district of Willemstad. Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanised area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:
- Punda
, the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
- Otrobanda
, on the other side of St. Anna Bay
- Pietermaai
, east of Punda
- Scharloo
, north of Punda and Pietermaai, across the Waaigat
- Julianadorp
, a suburb on the west side of the city, built around 1928 on behalf of Shell for its personnel
- Emmastad
, built for Shell in the 1950s, after Julianadorp was full.
- Salina
is situated next to Punda and has many shops and restaurants.
- Brievengat
, a suburb in the north of the city.
Structure of the population
[
edit
]
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Post-censal estimates.):
[117]
Age Group
|
Male
|
Female
|
Total
|
%
|
Total
|
69 285
|
83 084
|
152 369
|
100
|
0?4
|
3 876
|
3 637
|
7 513
|
4.93
|
5?9
|
4 750
|
4 479
|
9 229
|
6.06
|
10?14
|
4 487
|
4 401
|
8 888
|
5.83
|
15?19
|
4 503
|
4 393
|
8 895
|
5.84
|
20?24
|
3 891
|
3 665
|
7 556
|
4.96
|
25?29
|
3 862
|
4 280
|
8 142
|
5.34
|
30?34
|
3 966
|
4 774
|
8 740
|
5.74
|
35?39
|
4 081
|
5 091
|
9 172
|
6.02
|
40?44
|
3 833
|
5 099
|
8 932
|
5.86
|
45?49
|
4 563
|
5 790
|
10 353
|
6.79
|
50?54
|
5 049
|
6 323
|
11 372
|
7.46
|
55?59
|
5 481
|
7 013
|
12 493
|
8.20
|
60?64
|
4 937
|
6 576
|
11 513
|
7.56
|
65?69
|
4 098
|
5 523
|
9 621
|
6.31
|
70?74
|
3 427
|
4 506
|
7 932
|
5.21
|
75?79
|
2 163
|
3 342
|
5 504
|
3.61
|
80?84
|
1 346
|
2 146
|
3 492
|
2.29
|
85?89
|
661
|
1 283
|
1 944
|
1.28
|
90?94
|
248
|
543
|
791
|
0.52
|
95?99
|
59
|
192
|
250
|
0.16
|
100+
|
8
|
35
|
43
|
0.03
|
Age group
|
Male
|
Female
|
Total
|
Percent
|
0?14
|
13 113
|
12 517
|
25 630
|
16.82
|
15?64
|
44 162
|
52 997
|
97 159
|
63.77
|
65+
|
12 010
|
17 570
|
29 580
|
19.41
|
Statistics
[
edit
]
Education
[
edit
]
Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.
[118]
The main institute of higher learning is the
University of Curacao
(formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.
[118]
The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island include
offshore medical schools
, language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.
[119]
Culture
[
edit
]
Visual art
[
edit
]
Visual art in Curacao encompasses painting, sculptures, and street art.
[120]
Curacao promotes street art with a festival, Kaya Kaya, held in the Otrabanda neighborhood of Willemstad.
[121]
The streets of Willemstad are filled with murals from multiple versions of the festival.
Literature
[
edit
]
Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curacao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily in
Dutch
and
Papiamentu
. The oral traditions of the
Arawak
indigenous peoples
are lost. West African slaves brought the tales of
Anansi
, thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitled
Atardi
, published in the
La Cruz
newspaper in 1905.
[
citation needed
]
Throughout Curacaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized as
magic realism
tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curacao have contributed to
Caribbean
and
Dutch literature
. Best known are
Cola Debrot
,
Frank Martinus Arion
,
Pierre Lauffer
,
Elis Juliana
[
nl
]
, Guillermo Rosario,
Boeli van Leeuwen
[
nl
]
and
Tip Marugg
.
[
citation needed
]
Cuisine
[
edit
]
Local food is called
Krioyo
(pronounced the same as
criollo
, the Spanish word for "Creole") and boasts a blend of flavours and techniques best compared to
Caribbean cuisine
and
Latin American cuisine
. Dishes common in Curacao are found in
Aruba
and
Bonaire
as well. Popular dishes include stoba (a stew made with various ingredients such as
papaya
, beef or goat), Guiambo (soup made from
okra
and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar to
fufu
,
ugali
and
polenta
) and fish and other seafood. The ubiquitous side dish is fried
plantain
. Local bread rolls are made according to a Portuguese recipe. All around the island, there are sneks which serve local dishes as well as alcoholic drinks in a manner akin to the English
public house
.
[
citation needed
]
The ubiquitous breakfast dish is
pastechi
: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, ham, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as the
hallaca
and pekele, made out of
salt cod
. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). The
Curacao liqueur
was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the local
citrus
fruit known as
laraha
.
Surinamese
, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound. The island also has a number of Chinese restaurants that serve mainly Indonesian dishes such as
satay
,
nasi goreng
and
lumpia
(which are all Indonesian names for the dishes). Dutch specialties such as
croquettes
and
oliebollen
are widely served in homes and restaurants.
[
citation needed
]
Sports
[
edit
]
In 2004, the
Little League Baseball
team from Willemstad, Curacao, won the world title in a game against the United States champion from
Thousand Oaks, California
. The Willemstad lineup included
Jurickson Profar
, the standout shortstop prospect who now plays for the
San Diego Padres
of
Major League Baseball
, and
Jonathan Schoop
.
[122]
Curacaoan players
Andruw Jones
,
[123]
Ozzie Albies
, and
Kenley Jansen
have made multiple
Major League Baseball All-Star Game
appearances.
[124]
The 2010 documentary film
Boys of Summer
[125]
details Curacao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008
Little League World Series
, then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot in
Williamsport
.
[126]
The prevailing
trade winds
and warm water make Curacao a location for
windsurfing
.
[127]
[128]
There is warm, clear water around the island.
Scuba divers
and snorkelers may have visibility up to 30 metres (98 feet) at the Curacao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along 20 kilometres (12 miles) of Curacao's southern coastline.
[129]
Curacao participated in the
2013 CARIFTA Games
. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of 7.36 metres (24.15 feet). Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) with a time of 4:47.97.
[130]
[131]
[132]
[133]
The
Curacao national football team
won the
2017 Caribbean Cup
by defeating
Jamaica
in the final, qualifying for the
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup
.
[134]
They then traveled to
Thailand
and participated in the
2019 King's Cup
for the first time, eventually winning the tournament by beating
Vietnam
in the final.
[135]
Infrastructure
[
edit
]
Airport
[
edit
]
Curacao International Airport
(also called Hato International Airport) is located on the northern coast of the island and offers connections to the Caribbean region, South America, North America and Europe. Curacao Airport is a fairly large facility, with the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernandez Airport in Puerto Rico and
Pointe-a-Pitre International Airport
in Guadeloupe. The airport served as a main base for
Insel Air
, and for
Air ALM
, the former national airlines of Curacao.
[
citation needed
]
Railways
[
edit
]
In 1887 a horse drawn street tramway opened in Punda, the part of the capital Willemstad on the eastern side of Sint Annabaai. It had a U-shaped route about 2 km in length. In 1896, a tramway opened in Otrabanda on the opposite side of the bay, but it ceased operations within a few months. The Punda line was rebuilt in 1911, regauged to metre gauge, and the horse-drawn trams replaced by petrol engined ones. The line closed in 1920.
[136]
Bridges
[
edit
]
The
Queen Emma Bridge
, a 168 metres (551 ft) long
pontoon bridge
, connects pedestrians between the Punda and Otrobanda districts.
[137]
This swings open to allow the passage of ships to and from the port.
[138]
The bridge was originally opened in 1888 and the current bridge was installed in 1939.
[139]
It is best known and, more often than not, referred to by the locals as "Our Swinging Old Lady".
[140]
The
Queen Juliana Bridge
connects mobile traffic between the same two districts. At 185 feet (56 m) above the sea, it is one of the highest bridges in the Caribbean.
[138]
Utilities and sanitation
[
edit
]
Aqualectra, a government-owned company
[141]
and a full member of
CARILEC
, delivers potable water and electricity to the island. Rates are controlled by the government. Water is produced by
reverse osmosis
or
desalinization
.
[142]
It services 69,000 households and companies using 130,000 water and electric meters.
[142]
The power generation company NuCuracao opened wind farms in Tera Kora and Playa Kanoa in 2012, and expanded in Tera Kora in 2015.
[143]
There is no natural gas distribution grid; gas is supplied to homes by pressurized containers.
[144]
Curbside trash pickup
is provided by the Selikor company. There is no
recycling
pickup, but there are drop-off centers for certain recycled materials at the Malpais
landfill
,
[145]
and various locations operated by Green Force;
[146]
[147]
private haulers recycle
construction waste
, paper, and cardboard.
[148]
[149]
[150]
Notable residents
[
edit
]
People from Curacao include:
Arts and culture
[
edit
]
- Izaline Calister
, singer-songwriter
- Joceline Clemencia
, writer
- Peter Hartman
, past-CEO of
KLM
- May Henriquez
, writer and sculptor
[151]
- Tip Marugg
, writer
[
citation needed
]
- Kizzy
, a singer songwriter and television personality based in the United States
[
citation needed
]
- Ruenna Mercelina
, model, actress, beauty queen
- Robby Muller
, cinematographer, closely associated with
Wim Wenders
and
Jim Jarmusch
[152]
- Wim Statius Muller
, composer, pianist
[153]
- Pernell Saturnino
, a graduated percussionist of
Berklee College of Music
[154]
- Sherman Smith (musician)
, singer-songwriter
- Ellen Spijkstra
, ceramist
- Siny van Iterson
, children's writer
- Alexander Arthur Van Halen
, Drummer, Co-Founder. Van Halen, Mammoth
- Edward Lodewijk Van Halen
, Singer-Songwriter, Multi-instrumentalist, Co-Founder. Mammoth, Van Halen.
Politics and government
[
edit
]
Sports
[
edit
]
Baseball
[
edit
]
Players in
Major League Baseball
:
- Ozzie Albies
, professional second baseman
[155]
- Wladimir Balentien
, professional outfielder
[156]
- Roger Bernadina
, professional outfielder
[157]
- Didi Gregorius
, professional shortstop
[158]
- Kenley Jansen
, professional pitcher
[159]
- Andruw Jones
, professional outfielder
[160]
- Jair Jurrjens
, professional pitcher
[161]
- Shairon Martis
, professional pitcher
[162]
- Hensley Meulens
, professional baseball player and hitting coach
[163]
- Jurickson Profar
, professional outfielder
[164]
- Ceddanne Rafaela
, professional outfielder
[165]
- Jonathan Schoop
, professional infielder
[166]
- Andrelton Simmons
, professional shortstop
[167]
- Randall Simon
, first baseman
[168]
- Vurnon Anita
, a football player for
Al-Orobah FC
in the Saudi Arabian
First Division
[169]
- Juninho Bacuna
, footballer playing for
Birmingham City
in the English
EFL Championship
.
- Leandro Bacuna
, footballer playing for
FC Groningen
in the Dutch
Eerste Divisie
.
- Roly Bonevacia
, a footballer who plays for
Al-Faisaly
in the
Saudi Professional League
[170]
- Tahith Chong
, a footballer playing for
Luton Town
in the English
Premier League
.
- Jurien Gaari
, footballer playing for
RKC Waalwijk
in the Dutch
Eredivisie
.
- Sontje Hansen
, footballer playing for
NEC Nijmegen
in the Dutch
Eredivisie
.
- Rangelo Janga
, a footballer who plays for
Bnei Sakhnin
in the Israeli
Premier League
.
- Jurgen Locadia
, footballer playing for
Cangzhou Mighty Lions
in the Chinese
Super League
.
- Cuco Martina
, footballer playing for
NAC Breda
in the Dutch
Eerste Divisie
- Roshon van Eijma
, footballer playing for
Top Oss
in the Dutch
Eerste Divisie
- Jeremy Antonisse
, footballer playing for
Moreirense
in the Portuguese
Primeira Liga
.
- Darryl Lachman
, footballer who plays for
Perth Glory
in the Australian
A-League
.
- Eloy Room
, footballer playing for
Vitesse Arnhem
in the Dutch
Eredivisie
.
- Gino van Kessel
, footballer playing for
MFK Zemplin Michalovce
in the Slovak
Nike liga
.
- Jetro Willems
, footballer playing for
Heracles Almelo
in the Dutch
Eredivisie
.
[171]
Other Sports
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
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"Curacao"
.
The World Factbook
. Central Intelligence Agency
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29 December
2019
.
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b
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j
k
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p
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References
[
edit
]
- Habitantenan di Korsou, sinku siglo di pena i gloria: 1499?1999.
Romer-Kenepa, NC
, Gibbes, FE, Skriwanek, MA., 1999. Curacao: Fundashon Curacao 500.
- Social movements, violence, and change: the May Movement in Curacao. WA Anderson, RR Dynes, 1975. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
- Stemmen uit het Verleden. Van Buurt, G., Joubert, S., 1994, Curacao.
- Het Patroon van de Oude Curacaose Samenleving. Hoetink, H., 1987. Amsterdam: Emmering.
- Dede pikina ku su bisina: Papiamentu-Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd. van Putte, Florimon., 1999. Zutphen: de Walburg Pers
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Corcos, Joseph. A Synopsis of the History of the Jews of Curacao. Curazao: Imprenta de la Libreria, 1897.
- Emmanuel, Isaac S. and Suzanne A.
History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles
. 2 vols. Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
- Rupert, Linda M. "Contraband Trade and the Shaping of Colonial Societies in Curacao and Tierra Firme."
Itinerario
30 (2006): 35?54.
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Curacao
.
- Curacao
.
The World Factbook
.
Central Intelligence Agency
.
- Government of Curacao
(in Dutch)
- Government of Curacao
Archived
13 November 2019 at the
Wayback Machine
in Papiamentu
- Curacao Tourism Board
- Curacao Official Instagram Account
- Directory and information guide for Curacao
- First Millennium Development Goals and Report. Curacao and Sint Maarten. 2011
- Halman, Johannes; Robert Rojer (2008).
Jan Gerard Palm Music Scores: Waltzes, Mazurkas, Danzas, Tumbas, Polkas, Marches, Fantasies, Serenades, a Galop and Music Composed for Services in the Synagogue and the Lodge
. Amsterdam:
Broekmans & Van Poppel
. Archived from
the original
on 26 December 2008.
- Halman, Johannes I.M.; Rojer, Robert A. (2008).
Jan Gerard Palm: Life and Work of a Musical Patriarch in Curacao (In Dutch language)
. Leiden: KITLV. Archived from
the original
on 25 September 2009.
- Palm, Edgar (1978).
Muziek en musici van de Nederlandse Antillen
. Curacao: E. Palm. Archived from
the original
on 5 June 2004.
- Boskaljon, Rudolph (1958).
Honderd jaar muziekleven op Curacao
. Anjerpublicaties 3. Assen: Uitg. in samenwerking met het Prins Bernhard fonds Nederlandse Antillen door Van Gorcum. Archived from
the original
on 2 February 2004.
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12°11′N
69°00′W
/
12.183°N 69.000°W
/
12.183; -69.000