Spanish autonomous city on the north-west coast of Africa
Autonomous city in Spain
Ceuta
(
,
,
[5]
[6]
Spanish:
[?sewta,
θewta]
;
Arabic
:
???????
,
romanized
:
Sabtah
) is an
autonomous city
of
Spain
on the
North African
coast.
Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the
Mediterranean Sea
and the
Atlantic Ocean
. Ceuta is one of the
special member state territories of the European Union
, and it is one of several
Spanish territories in Africa
, which include
Melilla
and the
Canary Islands
. It was a regular
municipality
belonging to the
province of Cadiz
prior to the passing of its
Statute of Autonomy
in March 1995,
[7]
as provided by the Spanish Constitution, henceforth becoming an autonomous city.
Ceuta, like
Melilla
and the
Canary Islands
, was classified as a
free port
before Spain joined the
European Union
.
[8]
Its population is predominantly
Christian
and
Muslim
, with a small minority of
Sephardic Jews
and
Sindhi Hindus
, from Pakistan.
[9]
Spanish
is the official language. Spanish and
Darija Arabic
are the two main spoken languages.
Names
[
edit
]
The name
Abyla
has been said to have been a
Punic
name ("Lofty Mountain"
or "Mountain of
God
") for
Jebel Musa
,
the southern
Pillar of Hercules
.
The name of the mountain was in fact
Habenna
(
Punic
:
??????
,
?bn
, "Stone" or "
Stele
") or
?Abin-??q
(
??????????
,
?bn?q
, "Rock of the Bay"), about the nearby
Bay of Benzu
.
[13]
The name was
hellenized
variously as
Apini
(
Greek
:
?πινι
),
[13]
Abyla
(
?β?λα
),
Abyl?
(
?β?λη
),
Ablyx
(
?βλ?ξ
), and
Abil? St?l?
(
?β?λη Στ?λη
, "Pillar of Abyla")
and in
Latin
as
Abyla Mons
("Mount Abyla") or
Abyla Columna
("the Pillar of Abyla").
The settlement below Jebel Musa was later renamed for the seven hills around the site, collectively referred to as the "Seven Brothers"
(
Greek
:
?πτ?δελφοι
,
translit.
Heptadelphoi
;
[15]
Latin
:
Septem Fratres
).
[16]
In particular, the Roman stronghold at the site took the name "Fort at the Seven Brothers" (
Castellum ad Septem Fratres
).
This was gradually shortened to Septem
[17]
(
Σ?πτον
Septon
) or, occasionally,
Septum
[18]
or
Septa
.
These clipped forms continued as
Berber
Sebta
and
Arabic
Sabtan
or
Sabtah
(
????
), which themselves became
Ceuta
in
Portuguese
(
pronounced
[?sewt?]
) and
Spanish
(locally
pronounced
[?sewta]
).
History
[
edit
]
Ancient
[
edit
]
Controlling access between the
Atlantic Ocean
and the
Mediterranean Sea
, the
Strait of Gibraltar
is an important military and commercial
chokepoint
. The
Phoenicians
realized the extremely narrow isthmus joining the
Peninsula of Almina
to the African mainland made Ceuta eminently defensible and established an outpost there early in the 1st millennium
BC. The
Greek geographers
record it by variations of
Abyla
, the ancient name of nearby
Jebel Musa
. Beside
Calpe
, the other
Pillar of Hercules
now known as the
Rock of Gibraltar
, the Phoenicians established
Kart
at what is now
San Roque
,
Spain
. Other good anchorages nearby became
Phoenician
and then
Carthaginian
ports at what are now
Tangiers
and
Cadiz
.
After
Carthage
's
destruction
in the
Punic Wars
, most of
northwest Africa
was left to the
Roman
client states
of
Numidia
and?around Abyla?
Mauretania
.
Punic culture
continued to thrive in what the Romans knew as "Septem". After the
Battle of Thapsus
in 46 BC,
Caesar
and his heirs began annexing North Africa directly as
Roman provinces
but, as late as
Augustus
, most of Septem's
Berber
residents continued to speak and write in
Punic
.
Caligula
assassinated the Mauretanian king
Ptolemy
in AD
40 and seized his kingdom, which
Claudius
organized in AD 42, placing Septem in the
province
of
Tingitana
and raising it to the level of a
colony
. It subsequently was
Romanized
and thrived into the late 3rd century, trading heavily with
Roman Spain
and becoming well known for its
salted fish
.
Roads
connected it overland with
Tingis
(Tangiers) and
Volubilis
. Under
Theodosius I
in the late 4th century, Septem still had 10,000 inhabitants, nearly all
Christian
citizens
speaking
African Romance
, a local dialect of Latin.
[20]
Medieval
[
edit
]
Vandals
, probably invited by
Count Boniface
as protection against the
empress dowager
, crossed the strait near Tingis around 425 and swiftly overran
Roman North Africa
. Their king,
Gaiseric
, focused his attention on the rich lands around
Carthage
; although the Romans eventually accepted his conquests and he continued to raid them anyway, he soon lost control of Tingis and Septem in a series of Berber revolts. When
Justinian
decided to
reconquer the Vandal lands
, his victorious general
Belisarius
continued along the coast, making Septem a westernmost outpost of the
Byzantine Empire
around 533. Unlike the former ancient Roman administration, however, Eastern Rome did not push far into the
hinterland
and made the more defensible Septem their regional capital in place of Tingis.
Epidemics
, less capable successors and overstretched supply lines forced a retrenchment and left Septem isolated. It is likely that its
count
(
comes
) was obliged to pay homage to the
Visigoth Kingdom
in Spain in the early 7th century. There are no reliable contemporary accounts of the end of the
Islamic conquest of the Maghreb
around 710. Instead, the rapid
Muslim conquest of Spain
produced
romances
concerning
Count Julian
of Septem and his betrayal of Christendom in revenge for the dishonor that befell his daughter at
King Roderick
's court. Allegedly with Julian's encouragement and instructions, the Berber convert and freedman
Tariq ibn Ziyad
took his garrison from Tangiers across the strait and overran the Spanish so swiftly that both he and his master
Musa bin Nusayr
fell afoul of
a jealous caliph
, who stripped them of their wealth and titles.
After the death of Julian, sometimes also described as a king of the
Ghomara Berbers
, Berber converts to Islam took direct control of what they called Sebta. It was then destroyed during
their great revolt
against the
Umayyad Caliphate
around 740. Sebta subsequently remained a small village of Muslims and Christians surrounded by ruins until its resettlement in the 9th century by Majakas, chief of the Majkasa Berber tribe, who started the short-lived
Banu Isam
dynasty.
[21]
His great-grandson briefly allied his tribe with the
Idrisids
, but Banu Isam rule ended in 931
[22]
when he abdicated in favor of
Abd ar-Rahman III
, the Umayyad ruler of
Cordoba, Spain
.
Chaos ensued with the fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031. Following this, Ceuta and Muslim Iberia were controlled by successive North African dynasties. Starting in 1084, the
Almoravid
Berbers ruled the region until 1147, when the
Almohads
conquered the land. Apart from
Ibn Hud
's rebellion in 1232, they ruled until the Tunisian
Hafsids
established control. The Hafsids' influence in the west rapidly waned, and Ceuta's inhabitants eventually expelled them in 1249. After this, a period of political instability persisted, under competing interests from the
Marinids
and
Granada
as well as autonomous rule under the native
Banu al-Azafi
. The Fez finally conquered the region in 1387, with assistance from
Aragon
.
Portuguese
[
edit
]
On the morning of 21 August 1415, King
John I of Portugal
led his sons and their assembled forces in a surprise assault that would come to be known as the
Conquest of Ceuta
. The battle was almost anticlimactic, because the 45,000 men who traveled on 200 Portuguese ships caught the defenders of Ceuta off guard and suffered only eight casualties. By nightfall the town was captured. On the morning of 22 August, Ceuta was in Portuguese hands.
Alvaro Vaz de Almada, 1st Count of Avranches
was asked to hoist what was to become the
flag of Ceuta
, which is identical to the
flag of Lisbon
, but in which the coat of arms derived from that of the
Kingdom of Portugal
was added to the center; the original Portuguese flag and
coat of arms
of Ceuta remained unchanged, and the modern-day Ceuta flag features the configuration of the
Portuguese shield
.
John's son
Henry the Navigator
distinguished himself in the battle, being wounded during the conquest. The looting of the city proved to be less profitable than expected for John I, so he decided to keep the city to pursue further enterprises in the area.
[23]
From 1415 to 1437,
Pedro de Meneses
became the first governor of Ceuta.
The
Marinid Sultanate
started the
1419 siege
but was defeated by the first governor of Ceuta before reinforcements arrived in the form of
John, Constable of Portugal
and his brother
Henry the Navigator
, who were sent with troops to defend Ceuta.
Under
King John I
's son,
Duarte
, the colony at Ceuta rapidly became a drain on the Portuguese treasury.
Trans-Saharan trade
journeyed instead to
Tangier
. It was soon realized that without the city of Tangier, possession of Ceuta was worthless. In 1437,
Duarte's brothers
Henry the Navigator
and
Fernando, the Saint Prince
persuaded him to launch an attack on the
Marinid
sultanate. The resulting
Battle of Tangier (1437)
, led by Henry, was a debacle. In the resulting treaty, Henry promised to deliver Ceuta back to the Marinids in return for allowing the Portuguese army to depart unmolested, which he reneged on.
Possession of Ceuta indirectly led to further
Portuguese expansion
. The main area of Portuguese expansion, at this time, was the coast of the
Maghreb
, where there was grain, cattle, sugar, and textiles, as well as fish, hides, wax, and honey.
[24]
Ceuta had to endure alone for 43 years, until the position of the city was consolidated with the taking of
Ksar es-Seghir
(1458),
Arzila
and Tangier (1471) by the Portuguese.
The city was recognized as a Portuguese possession by the
Treaty of Alcacovas
(1479) and by the
Treaty of Tordesillas
(1494).
In the 1540s the Portuguese began building the
Royal Walls of Ceuta
as they are today including
bastions
, a navigable moat and a drawbridge. Some of these bastions are still standing, like the bastions of Coraza Alta, Bandera and Mallorquines.
[25]
Luis de Camoes
lived in Ceuta between 1549 and 1551, losing his right eye in battle, which influenced his work of poetry
Os Lusiadas
.
Iberian Union
[
edit
]
In 1578 King
Sebastian of Portugal
died at the
Battle of Alcacer Quibir
(known as the Battle of Three Kings) in what is today northern Morocco, without descendants, triggering the
1580 Portuguese succession crisis
. His granduncle, the elderly
Cardinal Henry
, succeeded him as King, but Henry also had no descendants, having taken holy orders. When the cardinal-king died two years after Sebastian's death, three grandchildren of King
Manuel I of Portugal
claimed the throne:
Philip prevailed and was crowned King
Philip I of Portugal
in 1581, uniting the two crowns and overseas empires in what is historically referred to as the
Iberian Union
.
[26]
During the Iberian Union, 1580 to 1640, Ceuta attracted many settlers of Spanish origin
[27]
and became the only city of the
Portuguese Empire
that sided with Spain when Portugal regained its independence in the
Portuguese Restoration War
of 1640.
Spanish
[
edit
]
On 1 January 1668, King
Afonso VI of Portugal
recognised the formal allegiance of Ceuta to Spain and ceded Ceuta to King
Carlos II of Spain
by the
Treaty of Lisbon
.
[28]
The city was attacked by Moroccan forces under
Moulay Ismail
during the
Siege of Ceuta (1694?1727)
. During the longest siege in history, the city underwent changes leading to the loss of its Portuguese character.
[
clarification needed
]
While most of the military operations took place around the
Royal Walls of Ceuta
, there were also small-scale penetrations by Spanish forces at various points on the Moroccan coast, and seizure of shipping in the Strait of Gibraltar.
During the
Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)
, Spain allowed Britain to occupy Ceuta. Occupation began in 1810, with Ceuta being returned at the conclusion of the wars.
[29]
Disagreements regarding the border of Ceuta resulted in the
Hispano-Moroccan War (1859?60)
, which ended at the
Battle of Tetuan
.
In July 1936, General
Francisco Franco
took command of the
Spanish Army of Africa
and rebelled against the Spanish republican government; his military uprising led to the
Spanish Civil War
of 1936?1939. Franco transported troops to mainland Spain in an airlift using transport aircraft supplied by
Germany
and
Italy
. Ceuta became one of the first battlegrounds of the uprising: General Franco's rebel nationalist forces seized Ceuta, while at the same time the city came under fire from the air and sea forces of the official republican government.
[30]
The
Llano Amarillo
monument was erected to honor
Francisco Franco
, it was inaugurated on 13 July 1940. The tall obelisk has since been abandoned, but the shield symbols of the
Falange
and Imperial Eagle remain visible.
[31]
Following the 1947
Partition of India
, a substantial number of
Sindhi Hindus
from current-day Pakistan settled in Ceuta, adding to a small Hindu community that had existed in Ceuta since 1893, connected to Gibraltar's.
[32]
When Spain recognized the independence of
Spanish Morocco
in 1956, Ceuta and the other
plazas de soberania
remained under Spanish rule. Spain considered them integral parts of the Spanish state, but Morocco has disputed this point.
Culturally, modern Ceuta is part of the Spanish region of
Andalusia
. It was attached to the
province of Cadiz
until 1925, the Spanish coast being only 20 km (12.5 miles) away. It is a cosmopolitan city, with a large ethnic
Arab-Berber
[
citation needed
]
Muslim minority as well as
Sephardic
Jewish and
Hindu
minorities.
[33]
On 5 November 2007, King
Juan Carlos I
visited the city, sparking great enthusiasm from the local population and protests from the Moroccan government.
[34]
It was the first time a Spanish head of state had visited Ceuta in 80 years.
[35]
[
better source needed
]
Since 2010, Ceuta (and Melilla) have declared the
Muslim holiday
of
Eid al-Adha
, or Feast of the Sacrifice, an official public holiday. It is the first time a non-Christian
religious festival
has been officially celebrated in Spanish ruled territory since the
Reconquista
.
[36]
[
better source needed
]
[37]
Geography
[
edit
]
Map of Ceuta (the
Perejil Island
, part of Ceuta, is just off the coast, in the upper left of this map)
Perspective view of the
Strait of Gibraltar
facing eastwards; Spain and
Gibraltar
on the left; Morocco and Ceuta on the right. The vertical dimension is exaggerated by a factor of 3.
A highly detailed map of Ceuta
Ceuta is separated by 17 km (11 mi)
[38]
from the
province of Cadiz
on the Spanish mainland by the
Strait of Gibraltar
and it shares a 6.4 km (4 mi) land
border
with
M'diq-Fnideq Prefecture
in the
Kingdom of Morocco
. It has an area of 18.5 km
2
(7 sq mi; 4,571 acres). It is dominated by Monte Anyera, a hill along its western frontier with Morocco, which is guarded by a Spanish
military
fort.
Monte Hacho
on the
Peninsula of Almina
overlooking the
port
is one of the possible locations of the southern pillar of the
Pillars of Hercules
of Greek legend (the other possibility being
Jebel Musa
).
[39]
Important Bird Area
[
edit
]
The Ceuta Peninsula has been recognised as an
Important Bird Area
(IBA) by
BirdLife International
because the site is part of a migratory bottleneck, or choke point, at the western end of the Mediterranean for large numbers of
raptors
,
storks
and other birds flying between Europe and Africa. These include
European honey buzzards
,
black kites
,
short-toed snake eagles
,
Egyptian vultures
,
griffon vultures
,
black storks
,
white storks
and
Audouin's gulls
.
[40]
Climate
[
edit
]
Ceuta has a maritime-influenced
Mediterranean climate
, similar to nearby Spanish and Moroccan cities such as
Tarifa
,
Algeciras
or
Tangiers
.
[41]
The average
diurnal temperature variation
is relatively low; the average annual temperature is 18.8 °C (65.8 °F) with average yearly highs of 21.4 °C (70.5 °F) and lows of 15.7 °C (60.3 °F) though the Ceuta weather station has only been in operation since 2003.
[42]
Ceuta has relatively mild winters for the latitude, while summers are warm yet milder than in the interior of Southern Spain, due to the moderating effect of the Straits of Gibraltar. Summers are very dry, but yearly precipitation is still at 849 mm (33.4 in),
[42]
which could be considered a humid climate if the summers were not so arid.
Climate data for Ceuta, 2003-2010
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
21.7
(71.1)
|
25.5
(77.9)
|
27.9
(82.2)
|
28.4
(83.1)
|
33.7
(92.7)
|
35.3
(95.5)
|
40.2
(104.4)
|
38.9
(102.0)
|
34.8
(94.6)
|
33.1
(91.6)
|
27.2
(81.0)
|
25.6
(78.1)
|
40.2
(104.4)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
15.8
(60.4)
|
15.9
(60.6)
|
17.4
(63.3)
|
19.1
(66.4)
|
21.9
(71.4)
|
25.7
(78.3)
|
28.9
(84.0)
|
28.5
(83.3)
|
25.8
(78.4)
|
22.8
(73.0)
|
18.8
(65.8)
|
16.4
(61.5)
|
21.4
(70.5)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
13.4
(56.1)
|
13.7
(56.7)
|
14.8
(58.6)
|
16.4
(61.5)
|
18.8
(65.8)
|
22.3
(72.1)
|
24.9
(76.8)
|
25.0
(77.0)
|
22.8
(73.0)
|
20.2
(68.4)
|
16.4
(61.5)
|
14.3
(57.7)
|
18.6
(65.4)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
11.0
(51.8)
|
11.4
(52.5)
|
12.2
(54.0)
|
13.6
(56.5)
|
15.7
(60.3)
|
18.8
(65.8)
|
20.9
(69.6)
|
21.5
(70.7)
|
19.8
(67.6)
|
17.5
(63.5)
|
14.0
(57.2)
|
12.1
(53.8)
|
15.7
(60.3)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
1.3
(34.3)
|
4.4
(39.9)
|
7.2
(45.0)
|
9.0
(48.2)
|
10.5
(50.9)
|
7.2
(45.0)
|
16.3
(61.3)
|
18.0
(64.4)
|
15.3
(59.5)
|
12.2
(54.0)
|
7.4
(45.3)
|
6.3
(43.3)
|
1.3
(34.3)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
122
(4.8)
|
145
(5.7)
|
90
(3.5)
|
57
(2.2)
|
21
(0.8)
|
3
(0.1)
|
1
(0.0)
|
3
(0.1)
|
37
(1.5)
|
82
(3.2)
|
127
(5.0)
|
161
(6.3)
|
849
(33.2)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 1 mm)
|
8
|
9
|
6
|
6
|
4
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
7
|
7
|
10
|
60
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
72
|
75
|
68
|
71
|
66
|
67
|
61
|
70
|
72
|
75
|
73
|
73
|
70
|
Source:
Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia
[43]
|
Government and administration
[
edit
]
Since 1995, Ceuta is, along with
Melilla
, one of the two
autonomous cities
of Spain.
[44]
Ceuta is known officially in Spanish as
Ciudad Autonoma de Ceuta
(English:
Autonomous City of Ceuta
), with a rank between a standard
municipality
and an
autonomous community
. Ceuta is part of the territory of the
European Union
. The city was a
free port
before Spain joined the European Union in 1986. Now it has a low-tax system within the
Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
.
Since 1979, Ceuta has held elections to its 25-seat assembly every four years. The leader of its government was the Mayor until the Autonomy Statute provided for the new title of
Mayor-President
. As of 2011
[update]
, the
People's Party
(PP) won 18 seats, keeping
Juan Jesus Vivas
as Mayor-President, which he has been since 2001. The remaining seats are held by the regionalist
Caballas Coalition
(4) and the
Socialist Workers' Party
(PSOE, 3).
[45]
Owing to its small population, Ceuta elects only one member of the
Congress of Deputies
, the lower house of the
Cortes Generales
(the Spanish Parliament). As of the November 2019
[update]
election, this post is held by Maria Teresa Lopez of
Vox
.
[46]
Ceuta is subdivided into 63
barriadas
("neighborhoods"), such as Barriada de Berizu, Barriada de P. Alfonso, Barriada del Sarchal, and El Hacho.
[47]
[48]
[49]
Ceuta maintains its own police force.
Defence and Civil Guard
[
edit
]
The defence of the enclave is the responsibility of the
Spanish Armed Forces
' General Command of Ceuta (COMGECEU).
[50]
The
Spanish Army
's combat components of the command include:
The command also includes its headquarters battalion as well as logistics elements.
[50]
In 2023, the
Spanish Navy
replaced the
Aresa
-class patrol boat
P-114
in the territory with the
Rodman
-class patrol boat
Isla de Leon
.
[53]
Ceuta itself is only 113 km (70 mi) distant from the main Spanish naval base at
Rota
on the Spanish mainland. The
Spanish Air Force
's
Moron Air Base
is also within 135 km (84 mi) proximity.
[
citation needed
]
The
Civil Guard
is responsible for border security and protects both the territory's
fortified land border
as well as its maritime approaches against frequent, and sometimes significant, migrant incursions.
[54]
Economy
[
edit
]
The official currency of Ceuta is the
euro
. It is part of a special low tax zone in Spain.
[55]
Ceuta is one of two Spanish port cities on the northern shore of Africa, along with
Melilla
. They are historically military strongholds,
free ports
, oil ports, and also fishing ports.
[56]
Today the economy of the city depends heavily on its port (now in expansion) and its industrial and retail centres.
[55]
Ceuta Heliport
is now used to connect the city to mainland Spain by air.
Lidl
,
Decathlon
and
El Corte Ingles
have branches in Ceuta. There is also a
casino
.
Border trade between Ceuta and Morocco is active because of advantage of tax-free status. Thousands of Moroccan women are involved in the cross-border porter trade daily, as
porteadoras
. The
Moroccan dirham
is used in such trade, even though prices are marked in euros.
[57]
[58]
[59]
Transport
[
edit
]
The city's
Port of Ceuta
receives high numbers of ferries each day from
Algeciras
in
Andalusia
in the south of Spain. The closest airport is
Sania Ramel Airport
in Morocco.
A single road border checkpoint to the south of Ceuta near Fnideq allows for cars and pedestrians to travel between Morocco and Ceuta. An additional border crossing for pedestrians exists between Benzu and
Belyounech
on the northern coast. The rest of the border is closed and inaccessible.
There is a bus service throughout the city, and while it does not pass into neighbouring Morocco, it services both frontier crossings.
Hospitals
[
edit
]
The following hospitals are located within Ceuta:
[60]
[61]
- University Hospital of Ceuta, established in 2010, 252 beds
[62]
- Primary Care Emergency Services Jose Lafont
- Ceuta Medical Centre
- Spanish Military Hospital (500 beds in 1929, 2020 listed as a clinic)
[63]
[64]
Demographics
[
edit
]
As of 2018, its population was 85,144.
[65]
Due to its location, Ceuta is home to a mixed ethnic and religious population. The two main religious groups are Christians and Muslims. As of 2006 approximately 50% of the population was Christian and approximately 48% Muslim.
[66]
As of a 2018 estimate, around 67.8% of the city's population were born in Ceuta.
[67]
Spanish
is the primary and official language of the enclave.
[68]
Moroccan Arabic
(Darija) is widely spoken.
[69]
In 2021, the
Council of Europe
demanded that Spain formally recognize the language by 2023.
[70]
Religion
[
edit
]
Christianity
has been present in Ceuta continuously from
late antiquity
, as evidenced by the ruins of a basilica in downtown Ceuta
[71]
and accounts of the
martyrdom
of
St. Daniel Fasanella
and his
Franciscans
in 1227 during the
Almohad Caliphate
.
The town's Grand Mosque had been built over a
Byzantine-era
church. In 1415, the year of the city's conquest, the
Portuguese
converted the Grand Mosque into
Ceuta Cathedral
. The present form of the cathedral dates to refurbishments undertaken in the late 17th century, combining
baroque
and
neoclassical
elements. It was
dedicated
to
St
Mary of the Assumption
in 1726.
The
Roman Catholic
Diocese of Ceuta
was established in 1417. It incorporated the suppressed
Diocese of Tanger
in 1570.
[72]
The Diocese of Ceuta was a
suffragan
of
Lisbon
until 1675, when it became a suffragan of
Seville
.
[73]
In 1851, Ceuta's administration was notionally merged into the
Diocese of Cadiz and Ceuta
as part of
a concordat
between Spain and the
Holy See
;
[74]
the union was not actually accomplished, however, until 1879.
Small
Jewish
and
Hindu
minorities are also present in the city.
[75]
Migration
[
edit
]
Like
Melilla
, Ceuta attracts African migrants who try to use it as an entry to Europe. As a result, the enclave is surrounded by double fences that are 6 m (20 ft) high, and hundreds of migrants congregate near the fences waiting for a chance to cross them. The fences are regularly stormed by migrants trying to claim asylum once they enter Ceuta.
[77]
Education
[
edit
]
The
University of Granada
offers undergraduate programmes at their campus in Ceuta. Like all areas of Spain, Ceuta is also served by the
National University of Distance Education (UNED)
.
While primary and secondary education are generally offered in Spanish only, a growing number of schools are entering the Bilingual Education Programme.
[
clarification needed
]
Notable people from Ceuta
[
edit
]
up to 1800
[
edit
]
since 1800
[
edit
]
- General
Francisco Llano de la Encomienda
(1879 in Ceuta – 1963 in Mexico City), a Spanish soldier. During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) he remained loyal to the Second Spanish Republic
- General
Antonio Escobar Huertas
(1879 in Ceuta – executed 1940 in Barcelona), a Spanish military officer
- Africa de las Heras
Gavilan (1909 in Ceuta – 1988 in Moscow), a Spanish Communist, naturalized Soviet citizen, and
KGB
spy who went by the code name
Patria
- Eugenio Martin
(born 1925 in Ceuta), a Spanish film director and screenwriter
[79]
[
user-generated source?
]
- Jacob Hassan
, PhD (1936 in Ceuta – 2006 in Madrid), a Spanish
philologist
of Sephardic Jewish descent
- Manuel Chaves Gonzalez
(born 1945 in Ceuta), a Spanish politician of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. He served as the Third Vice President of the Spanish Government from 2009 to 2011
- Ramon Castellano de Torres
(born 1947 in Ceuta), a Spanish artist, thought by some to be an expressionist painter
- Ignacio Velazquez Rivera
(born 1953), first Mayor-President of
Melilla
- Juan Jesus Vivas
Lara (born 1953 in Ceuta), became the Mayor-President of Ceuta in Spain in 2001
- Pedro Aviles Gutierrez
(born 1956 in Ceuta), a Spanish novelist from Madrid.
- Eva Maria Isanta Foncuberta
(born 1971 in Ceuta), a Spanish actress
[80]
[
user-generated source?
]
- Mohamed Taieb Ahmed
(born 1975 in Ceuta), a Spanish-Moroccan drug lord
[81]
responsible for trafficking hashish across the Strait of Gibraltar and into Spain.
- Rakesh Narwani
(born 1981 in Ceuta), a Spanish Filmmaker
Sport
[
edit
]
- Francisco Lesmes
(1924?2005) and
Rafael Lesmes
(1926?2012), brothers and Spanish footballers.
- Jose Martinez Sanchez
(born 1945 in Ceuta), nicknamed
Pirri
, a retired Spanish footballer, mainly played for Real Madrid, appearing in 561 competitive games and scoring 172 goals
- Jose Ramon Lopez
(born 1950), a sprint canoer, silver medallist at the
1976 Summer Olympics
- Miguel Bernardo Bianquetti
(born 1951 in Ceuta), known as
Migueli
, a Spanish retired footballer, 391 caps for
FC Barcelona
and 32 for
Spain
- Nayim
(born 1966 in Ceuta), a retired Spanish footballer; he scored a last-minute goal for Real Zaragoza in the 1995 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final.
- Lorena Miranda
(born 1991 in Ceuta), a Spanish female water polo player, silver medallist at the
2012 Summer Olympics
.
- Anuar Tuhami
(born 1995 in Ceuta), a Spanish-Moroccan footballer, played one game for
Morocco
Twin towns and sister cities
[
edit
]
Ceuta is
twinned
with:
Dispute with Morocco
[
edit
]
The
Moroccan government
has repeatedly called for Spain to transfer the sovereignty of Ceuta and
Melilla
, along with uninhabited islets such as the islands of
Alhucemas
,
Velez
and
Perejil
to Morocco, with the Spanish refusal to do so serving as a major source of tension in
Morocco?Spain relations
. In Morocco, Ceuta is frequently referred to as the "
occupied
Sebtah", and the Moroccan government has argued that Ceuta, along with other Spanish territories in the region, are
colonies
.
[87]
[88]
One of the major arguments used by Morocco in their attempts to acquire sovereignty over Ceuta refers to the geographical position of the city, as Ceuta is an
exclave
which is surrounded by Moroccan territory and the
Mediterranean Sea
and has no territorial continuity with the rest of Spain.
[89]
This argument was originally developed by one of the founders of the Moroccan
Istiqlal Party
, Alal-El Faasi, who openly advocated for Morocco to invade and occupy Ceuta and other North African territories under Spanish rule.
[90]
Spain, in line with the majority of governments in the rest of the world, has never recognized Morocco's claim over Ceuta. The official position of the
Spanish government
is that Ceuta is an integral part of Spain, and has been since the 16th century, centuries prior to Morocco's independence from Spain and France in 1956.
[91]
The majority of Ceuta's population support continued Spanish sovereignty and are opposed to Moroccan control over the territory.
[92]
In 1986, Spain joined the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO). However, Ceuta is not under NATO protection since Article 6 of the
North Atlantic Treaty
limits such coverage to Europe and North America and islands north of the
Tropic of Cancer
. However,
French Algeria
was explicitly included in the treaty upon France's entry. Legal experts have claimed that other articles of the treaty could cover Spanish territories in North Africa but this interpretation has not been tested in practice.
[93]
During the
2022 Madrid summit
, the issue of the protection of Ceuta was raised by Spain, with NATO Secretary General
Jens Stoltenberg
stating: "On which territories NATO protects and Ceuta and Melilla, NATO is there to protect all Allies against any threats. At the end of the day, it will always be a political decision to invoke Article 5, but rest assured NATO is there to protect and defend all Allies".
[94]
On 21 December 2020, following statements made by Moroccan Prime Minister
Saadeddine Othmani
that Ceuta is "Moroccan as the
Sahara
", the Spanish government summoned the Moroccan ambassador, Karima Benyaich, to convey that Spain expects all its partners to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its territory in Africa and asked for an explanation for Othmani's words.
[95]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
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External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Ceuta
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Ceuta
.
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1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent
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