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Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center
in Star City
Originated
as a secret Air Force facility, Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center has
become Russia's only "school of cosmonauts" and one of the most
enduring symbols of the nation's quest beyond Earth. Cleverly hidden in
the evergreen woods northeast of Moscow, just meters away from a quiet
Tsiolkovskaya railroad station on the Yaroslavl Railroad, the center was
identified in the Soviet press as Zvezdny Gorodok, translated as Star
City or Starry Town. Of course, it would be foolish to try to find "Star
City" on Soviet maps...
Previous chapter:
Early manned spacecraft
Origin
of Star City
A birth of
the manned space flight program in the USSR at the end of the 1950s required
the creation of a specialized cosmonaut training facility.
At the time,
a special Air Force commission led by military physician Evgeny Karpov
selected more than 200 fighter pilots suitable for further examination.
In 1959, this group went through rigorous medical checkups at Central
Research Military Aviation Hospital, TsVNIAG, in Moscow. Selected 20 people
made up the first group of Soviet cosmonauts. Initially, the group was
housed at Frunze Central Airfield in Moscow, conveniently located near
Zhukovskiy Air Force Engineering Academy and Central Sports Club of the
Soviet Army. Nikolai Kamanin, a legendary Soviet Pilot and Polar Explorer
was appointed a head of training for future cosmonauts.
In the meantime,
a special commission, chaired by Kamanin, was searching for a site for
the permanent Cosmonaut Training Center, or TsPK. The goal was to find
a site close enough to key centers of the Soviet space industry around
Moscow, but, at the same time isolated from the urban life. The chosen
location lay 40 kilometers from Moscow, near Chkalovskaya train station
on the Yaroslav Railroad. (
71
) A
nearby airfield served as a major hub for some key government aircraft
units.
The official
decision creating Cosmonaut Training Center, TsPK, was signed on January
11, 1960. (
203
) Future cosmonauts
and their family members moved in the new facility at the beginning of
June 1960. (
71
)
The site
consisted of two parts, the training facility itself, which was known
as TsPK and a small residential area for the military and civilian personnel
serving the facility, as well as cosmonauts and their families. In the
early years of the center most of the cosmonaut training would take place
at the industrial sites developing hardware for the manned space program.
(The OKB-1, the main system integrator of the
Vostok
spacecraft
, was located only dozen of kilometers west along the Yaroslavl
Railroad.) Eventually, the new training center acquired hardware developed
specifically for training purposes.
Oasis
of Socialism
At the height
of the Cold War, the Star City was the favorite showcase of the Soviet
propaganda -- an advanced and optimistic facade of the Soviet state. However,
most ordinary Russians had vague idea about its location and even those
who did would be met by a well guarded gates and a fence. Those who managed
to get through on jobs or a rare state-organized "excursion"
told stories about cosmonauts living in luxury apartment buildings and
their wives shopping in stores, which looked like a dream to an ordinary
Soviet housewife, exhausted by fruitless search for a decent piece of
sausage or children' socks. Some cynical Russians joked that a happy Socialist
society, which the Communist Party promised the Soviet people, was finally
built ... in one single town.
With the
disintegration of the USSR, the Star City had faced many of the problems
that the rest of Russia struggled with for decades -- lack of government
funds for infrastructure development and repair, as well as new challenges
of transition to a free-market economy.
Local stores
lost their exclusive government suppliers and switched to market prices.
Even cosmonauts seemed to look for new ways to complement their government
pensions -- some asking $250 per interview from visiting foreign journalists.
In the meantime, a row of brand-new cottages, which looked like they were
transplanted from New Jersey, sprung up in the cozy corner of the town
to house NASA astronauts and officials deployed in Star City to support
Shuttle-
Mir
and
ISS
programs.
End of military control
By the turn of the
21st century
, Russian Air Force apparently long lost interest in human space flight and finally managed to dump responsibility for the management and funding of Star City onto the Russian space agency, Roskosmos. All formal transfer procedures were to be completed by July 1,
2009
. Out of 1,100 military training personnel, who were employed at the center, only 320 were expected to remain, as a result of a compromise reached between the Air Force and Roskosmos. The town would still remain a closed territory to outsiders. (
325
) On March 30, 2009, a former cosmonaut from RKK Energia design bureau, Sergei Krikalev became the new head of the Gagarin training center.
The transfer of the center from military to civilian control was accompanied by thinly veiled bickering between Roskosmos and the Ministry of Defense. There was apparently so much bad blood between these two federal organizations, that military officials reportedly refused to approve routine post-flight honors to the Roskosmos' cosmonaut Maksim Suraev, who returned from orbit in March 2010.
After a protracted battle, on Dec. 7, 2010, the head of Roskosmos Anatoly Perminov signed an order No. 197, officially merging military and two civilian groups of cosmonauts from RKK Energia design bureau and IMBP space medicine institute and into a single unit. The unified group of cosmonauts had to be officially formed before Jan. 1, 2011.
By 2012, Russian media reported 2,000 people working for the Cosmonaut Training Center with 600 people at positions qualified as "critical" for the readiness of the facility. In the effort to retain those specialists, leadership at Roskosmos requested 300 million rubles of extra funds to cover increased wages. However the issue remained open as of March 2012.
Non-cosmonaut appointed to lead Star City
In April 2014, a former cosmonaut Yuri Lonchakov was appointed the head of the Gagarin training center, however, very soon, his personality apparently became a cause of discontent and even resignations among active Russian cosmonauts. After personal conflicts between Lonchakov and his subordinates had spilled into the Russian press, Roskosmos had to act. On Nov. 24, 2017, Director General of Roskosmos Igor Komarov presented a new head of the center Pavel Vlasov. Although for the first time since 1972, a non-cosmonaut had taken the lead at the facility, Vlasov brought tremendous experience as an aviation specialist, including five years as the Director General at Gromov Flight Research Institute, LII, an organization with a long history of contributions into aviation and space technology.
Simulation facilities
of the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center
- Full-size
mockups of all major spacecraft developed in the former USSR, from Soyuz
to Buran from TKS to Mir and ISS, were coexisting or replacing each
other inside the main hall of the center.
- A water
pool used imitating weightlessness was used for EVA (spacewalk) training.
In 1980, it was replaced with a larger hydro-laboratory capable of accommodating
a 20-ton space
station module
.
The pool has a depth of 12 meters, diameter 23 meters and volume of
5,000 cubic meters.
- Aircraft
for imitating weightlessness, including MIG-15 UTI, Tu-104 and later
IL-76 MDK, with internal volume of 400 cubical meters.
- Two centrifuges,
large TsF-18 and smaller TsF-7, designed to imitate G-forces during
the rocket liftoff. TsF-18
- A planetarium
developed in East Germany, capable of projecting as many as 9,000 stars.
1
|
Evgeny
Karpov
|
1960-1963
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2
|
Mikhail
Odintsov
|
1963
|
3
|
Nikolai
Kuznetsov
|
1963-1972
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4
|
Georgy
Beregovoi
|
1972-1987
|
5
|
Vladimir
Shatalov
|
1987-1991
|
6
|
Peotr
Klimuk
|
1991-2001
|
7
|
Vasily Tsibliev
|
2001-2009
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8
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Sergei Krikalev
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2009-2014
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9
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Yuri Lonchakov
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2014-2017
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10
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Pavel Vlasov
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2017-2021
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11
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Maksim Kharlamov
|
2021-
|
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