Islam's holiest mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Masjid al-Haram
(
Arabic
:
???????????? ?????????
,
romanized
:
al-Masjid al-?ar?m
,
lit.
'The Sacred Mosque'),
[4]
also known as the
Sacred Mosque
or the
Great Mosque of Mecca
,
[5]
is considered to be the most significant
mosque
in Islam.
[6]
[7]
It encloses the vicinity of the
Kaaba
in
Mecca
, in the
Mecca Province
of
Saudi Arabia
. It is among the pilgrimage sites associated with the
Hajj
, which every
Muslim
must perform at least once in their lives if able. It is also the main site for the performance of ?
Umrah
, the lesser pilgrimage that can be undertaken any time of the year. The rites of both pilgrimages include
circumambulating the Kaaba
within the mosque. The Great Mosque includes other important significant sites, such as the
Black Stone
, the
Zamzam Well
,
Maqam Ibrahim
, and the hills of
Safa and Marwa
.
[8]
As of 2024,
[update]
the Great Mosque is both the
largest mosque
in the world, and the
most expensive building
in the world. It has undergone major renovations and expansions through the years.
[9]
It has passed through the control of various
caliphs
,
sultans
and kings, and is now under the control of the
King of Saudi Arabia
who is titled the
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
.
[10]
History
[
edit
]
The Great Mosque contends with the
Masjid As-Sahabah
in the
Eritrean
city of
Massawa
[11]
and
Quba Mosque
in
Medina
as the oldest mosque.
[12]
According to Islamic tradition, Islam as a religion precedes Muhammad,
[13]
[14]
[15]
representing previous
prophets
such as
Abraham
.
[16]
Abraham is credited by Muslims with having built the
Kaaba
in
Mecca
, and consequently its sanctuary, which according to the Muslim view is seen as the first mosque
[17]
that ever existed.
[18]
[19]
[20]
According to other scholars, Islam started during the lifetime of
Muhammad
in the 7th century
CE
,
[21]
and so did architectural components such as the mosque. In that case, either the Mosque of the Companions
[22]
or Quba Mosque would be the first mosque that was built in the history of Islam.
[17]
Era of Abraham and Ismael
[
edit
]
According to Islamic doctrine in the
Quran
,
Abraham
together with his son
Ismael
raised the foundations of a house,
[23]
which has been identified by commentators as the
Kaaba
. God showed Abraham the exact site which was previously built by
Adam
, very near to what is now the
Well of Zamzam
, where Abraham and Ishmael began work on the construction of the
Kaaba
.
[
citation needed
]
After Abraham had built the
Kaaba
, an angel brought to him the
Black Stone
, a celestial stone that, according to tradition, had fallen from Heaven on the nearby hill
Abu Qubays
.
[
citation needed
]
The Black Stone is believed by Islamic scholars to be the only remnant of the original structure made by Abraham.
[
citation needed
]
After placing the Black Stone in the Eastern corner of the Kaaba, Abraham received a revelation, in which God told the aged prophet that he should now go and proclaim the pilgrimage to mankind, so that men may come both from Arabia and from lands far away, on camel and on foot.
[24]
Era of Muhammad
[
edit
]
Upon Muhammad's
victorious return to Mecca
in 630
CE
, he broke the idols in and around the Kaaba,
[25]
similar to what, according to the Quran, Abraham did in his homeland. Thus ended polytheistic use of the Kaaba, and began monotheistic rule over it and its sanctuary.
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
Umayyad era
[
edit
]
The first major renovation to the mosque took place in 692, on the orders of
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
.
[30]
Before this renovation, which included the mosque's outer walls being raised and decoration added to the ceiling, the mosque was a small open area with the Kaaba at the center. By the end of the 8th century, the mosque's old wooden columns had been replaced with marble columns and the wings of the prayer hall had been extended on both sides along with the addition of a
minaret
on the orders of
Al-Walid I
.
[31]
[32]
The
spread of Islam
in the Middle East and the influx of pilgrims required an almost complete rebuilding of the site which included adding more marble and three more minarets.
[
citation needed
]
Ottoman era
[
edit
]
In 1570,
Sultan
Selim II
commissioned the chief architect
Mimar Sinan
to renovate the mosque. This renovation resulted in the replacement of the flat roof with domes decorated with
calligraphy
internally, and the placement of new support columns which are acknowledged as the earliest architectural features of the present mosque. These features are the oldest surviving parts of the building.
During heavy rains and flash floods in 1621 and 1629, the walls of the Kaaba and the mosque suffered extensive damage.
[33]
In 1629, during the reign of Sultan
Murad IV
, the mosque was renovated. In the renovation of the mosque, a new stone arcade was added, three more minarets (bringing the total to seven) were built, and the marble flooring was retiled. This was the unaltered state of the mosque for nearly three centuries.
The Great Mosque in an illustration of the
Futuh al-Haramayn
of
Muhi Al-Din Lari
, 1582
The mosque in 1850, during the Ottoman period
Plan of the Masjid al-Haram, 1884
The mosque in 1910, during the Ottoman period
The Saudi era
[
edit
]
First Saudi expansion
[
edit
]
The first major renovation under the Saudi kings was done between 1955 and 1973. In this renovation, four more minarets were added, the ceiling was refurnished, and the floor was replaced with artificial stone and marble. The Mas'a gallery (As-Safa and Al-Marwah) is included in the Mosque, via roofing and enclosures. During this renovation many of the historical features built by the Ottomans, particularly the support columns, were
demolished
.
On 20 November 1979, the Great Mosque was
seized by extremist insurgents
who called for the overthrow of the Saudi dynasty. They took hostages and in the ensuing siege hundreds were killed. These events came as a shock to the Islamic world, as violence is strictly forbidden within the mosque.
Second Saudi expansion
[
edit
]
The second Saudi renovations under
King Fahd
, added a new wing and an outdoor prayer area to the mosque. The new wing, which is also for prayers, is reached through the King Fahd Gate. This extension was performed between 1982 and 1988.
[34]
1987 to 2005 saw the building of more minarets, the erecting of a
King's
residence overlooking the mosque and more prayer area in and around the mosque itself. These developments took place simultaneously with those in
Arafat
,
Mina
and
Muzdalifah
. This extension also added 18 more gates, three domes corresponding in position to each gate and the installation of nearly 500 marble columns. Other modern developments added heated floors, air conditioning, escalators and a drainage system.
[
citation needed
]
In addition, the King Fahd expansion includes 6 dedicated prayer halls for people with disabilities. These halls have ramps to facilitate entry and exit with wheelchairs, as well as dedicated paths and free electric and manual carts for their use.
[35]
Third Saudi expansion
[
edit
]
In 2008, the Saudi government under
King Abdullah Ibn Abdulaziz
announced an expansion
[36]
of the mosque, involving the
expropriation
of land to the north and northwest of the mosque covering 300,000 m
2
(3,200,000 sq ft). At that time, the mosque covered an area of 356,800 m
2
(3,841,000 sq ft) including indoor and outdoor praying spaces. 40 billion riyals (US$10.6 billion) was allocated for the expansion project.
[37]
In August 2011, the government under
King Abdullah
announced further details of the expansion. It would cover an area of 400,000 m
2
(4,300,000 sq ft) and accommodate 1.2 million worshippers, including a multi-level extension on the north side of the complex, new stairways and tunnels, a gate named after King Abdullah, and two minarets, bringing the total number of minarets to eleven. The circumambulation areas (Mataf) around the Kaaba would be expanded and all closed spaces receive air conditioning. After completion, it would raise the mosque's capacity from 770,000 to over 2.5 million worshippers.
[38]
[39]
His successor
,
King Salman
launched five megaprojects as part of the overall King Abdullah Expansion Project in July 2015, covering an area of 456,000 m
2
(4,910,000 sq ft). The project was carried out by the
Saudi Binladin Group
.
[40]
In 2012, the
Abraj Al Bait
complex was completed along with the 601 meter tall Makkah Royal Clock Tower.
On 11 September 2015, at least 111 people died and 394 were injured
when a crane collapsed onto the mosque
.
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
Construction work was suspended after the incident, and remained on hold due to financial issues during the
2010s oil glut
. Development was eventually restarted two years later in September 2017.
[46]
COVID-19 Pandemic
[
edit
]
On 5 March 2020, during the
COVID-19 pandemic
, the mosque began to be closed at night and the Umrah pilgrimage was suspended to limit attendance.
[47]
The resumption of Umrah service began on 4 October 2020 with the first phase of a gradual resumption that was limited to Saudi citizens and expatriates from within the Kingdom at a rate of 30 percent.
[48]
Only 10,000 people were given Hajj visas in 2020 while 60,000 people were given visas in 2021.
List of current and former Imams
[
edit
]
Current Imams
[
edit
]
- Abd ar-Rahman as-Sudais
, appointed Imam and Khateeb in 1984.
[49]
(Chief Imam and President of the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques)
- Salih bin Abdullah al Humaid
, appointed Imam and Khateeb in 1984. Former Chairman of Majlis Ash-Shura (
Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia
)
- Usama Abdul Aziz Al-Khayyat, appointed Imam and Khateeb in 1998.
- Mahir Al-Muayqali
, appointed Imam in 2007, and Khateeb in 2016.
- Abdullah Awad Al Juhany
, appointed Imam in 2007 and Khateeb in 2019.
- Faisal Jameel Ghazzawi, appointed Imam and Khateeb in 2008.
[50]
- Bandar Baleelah, appointed Imam in 2013, and Khateeb in 2019.
[51]
- Yasser Al-Dosari
, appointed Imam in 2015 and Khateeb in 2022.
Former Imams
[
edit
]
Imams
:
[52]
- Ahmad Khatib
(
Arabic
:
??????? ???????
), Islamic Scholar from
Indonesia
, appointed as Imam during Ottoman rule.
- Abdullah Abdul Ghani Khayat (
Arabic
:
??? ???? ??? ????? ????
), appointed Imam and Khateeb from 1953 to 1984.
- Abdullah Al-Khulaifi (
Arabic
:
????? ???? ????????????
), appointed Imam and Khateeb from 1953 until death in 1993.
- Abdullah Ibn Humaid
, served as Imam from 1957 until 1981. He also served as President of Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques and as Chief Justice of Saudi Arabia.
- Mohammad Al-Subayyil
(
Arabic
:
???????? ???????????
), served as Imam and Khateeb from 1965 to 2008. He was Chief Imam and President of the Agency for the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques until 2008.
- Ali bin Abdullah Jaber (
Arabic
:
????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????
), Imam from 1981 to 1983, guest Imam for Ramadhan 1986?1989.
- Ali bin Abdur-Rahman Al-Huthaify
(
Arabic
:
????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????????
), guest Imam for Ramadhan 1981, 1985?1986, 1988?1991, now Chief Imam of
The Prophet's Mosque
.
- Umar Al-Subayyil (
Arabic
:
????? ???????????
), Imam and Khateeb from 1993 until death in 2002.
- Abdullah Al-Harazi (
Arabic
:
????? ???? ???????????
), former Chairman of Saudi Majlis al-Shura.
- Salah ibn Muhammad Al-Budair (
Arabic
:
?????? ???? ???????? ??????????
), led Taraweeh in Ramadan 1426 (2005) and 1427 (2006), now Deputy Chief Imam of
The Prophet's Mosque
.
- Adil al-Kalbani
[53]
(
Arabic
:
?????? ?????????????
), served as Imam for Taraweeh prayers in 2008.
- Saleh Al-Talib
, appointed Imam and Khateeb in 2002 and served until July 2018.
- Khalid al Ghamdi, retired as Imam and Khateeb of Masjid Al Haram in September 2018, 10 years after appointment.
- Saud Al-Shuraim
, appointed Imam and Khateeb in 1992 and resigned in 2022.
Pilgrimage
[
edit
]
The Great Mosque is the main setting for the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages
[54]
that occur in the month of
Dhu al-Hijja
in the
Islamic calendar
and at any time of the year, respectively. The Hajj pilgrimage is one of the Pillars of Islam, required of all able-bodied Muslims who can afford the trip. In recent times, over 5 million Muslims perform the Hajj every year.
[55]
Structures
[
edit
]
-
The Kaaba
-
The Black Stone
-
Maqam Ibrahim's crystal dome
-
Mount Marwah within the mosque
-
Mount Safa
-
The well of Zamzam located beneath the floor (entrance now covered)
Destruction of heritage sites
[
edit
]
There has been some controversy that the expansion projects of the mosque and Mecca itself are causing harm to early Islamic heritage. Many ancient buildings, some more than a thousand years old, have been demolished to make room for the expansion. Some examples are:
[64]
[65]
See also
[
edit
]
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Online
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Location of Masjid al-Haram"
. Google Maps.
Archived
from the original on 25 May 2014
. Retrieved
24 September
2013
.
- ^
"AL HARAM"
.
makkah-madinah.accor.com
.
- ^
Daye, Ali (21 March 2018).
"Grand Mosque Expansion Highlights Growth of Saudi Arabian Tourism Industry (6 mins)"
.
Cornell Real Estate Review
.
Archived
from the original on 9 February 2019
. Retrieved
9 February
2019
.
- ^
Denny, Frederick M. (9 August 1990). Kieckhefer, Richard; Bond, George D. (eds.).
Sainthood: Its Manifestations in World Religions
. University of California Press. p. 69.
ISBN
9780520071896
.
Archived
from the original on 18 September 2021
. Retrieved
18 August
2019
.
- ^
"Great Mosque of Mecca | History, Expansion, & Facts"
.
Encyclopedia Britannica
.
Archived
from the original on 11 December 2019
. Retrieved
8 August
2020
.
- ^
Ravindran, K. (5 January 2023).
Holy Lands of Abrahamic Religions: A Brief History and Pilgrimage
. Notion Press.
ISBN
979-8-88869-631-6
.
- ^
Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World
. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. 15 January 2011.
ISBN
978-0-7614-9966-4
.
- ^
Quran
3:97
(
Translated
by
Yusuf Ali
)
- ^
"Mecca crane collapse: Saudi inquiry into Grand Mosque disaster"
.
BBC News
. 12 September 2015.
Archived
from the original on 12 September 2015
. Retrieved
12 February
2019
.
- ^
"Is Saudi Arabia Ready for Moderate Islam? ? Latest Gulf News"
.
www.fairobserver.com
. 3 November 2017.
Archived
from the original on 1 December 2017
. Retrieved
25 November
2017
.
- ^
Reid, Richard J. (12 January 2012). "The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa".
A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present
.
John Wiley and Sons
. p. 106.
ISBN
978-0470658987
.
Archived
from the original on 5 March 2021
. Retrieved
15 March
2015
.
- ^
Palmer, A. L. (26 May 2016).
Historical Dictionary of Architecture
(2 ed.).
Rowman & Littlefield
. pp. 185?236.
ISBN
978-1442263093
.
Archived
from the original on 1 August 2020
. Retrieved
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2018
.
- ^
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Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.)
. Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 12.
ISBN
978-0-19-511234-4
.
- ^
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- ^
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Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians
. Princeton University Press. p.
9
.
ISBN
978-0-691-11553-5
.
- ^
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25 Prophets of Islam
. eBookIt.com.
ISBN
978-1456613075
.
Archived
from the original on 14 April 2021
. Retrieved
9 February
2019
.
- ^
a
b
Palmer, A. L. (26 May 2016).
Historical Dictionary of Architecture
(2nd ed.).
Rowman & Littlefield
. pp. 185?236.
ISBN
978-1442263093
.
Archived
from the original on 1 August 2020
. Retrieved
22 October
2018
.
- ^
Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.).
The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades
. Vol. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208.
ISBN
978-0918720580
.
Archived
from the original on 20 November 2020
. Retrieved
9 February
2019
.
- ^
Mustafa Abu Sway.
"The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source"
(PDF)
.
Central Conference of American Rabbis
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 28 July 2011.
- ^
Dyrness, W. A. (29 May 2013).
Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities
. Vol. 7.
Wipf and Stock
Publishers. p. 25.
ISBN
978-1620321362
.
Archived
from the original on 13 April 2021
. Retrieved
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2019
.
- ^
Watt, William Montgomery
(2003).
Islam and the Integration of Society
. Psychology Press. p.
5
.
ISBN
978-0-415-17587-6
.
Archived
from the original on 6 August 2020
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
Reid, Richard J. (12 January 2012).
"The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa"
.
A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present
.
John Wiley and Sons
. p. 106.
ISBN
978-0470658987
.
Archived
from the original on 5 March 2021
. Retrieved
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2015
.
- ^
Quran
2:127
(
Translated
by
Yusuf Ali
)
- ^
"Quran 22:27"
.
Archived
from the original on 3 October 2016
. Retrieved
1 October
2016
.
- ^
Quran
21:57?58
- ^
Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now
, M. Lings, pg. 39, Archetype
- ^
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, C. Glasse,
Kaaba
, Suhail Academy
- ^
Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955).
Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah ? The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume
. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 88?9.
ISBN
9780196360331
.
- ^
Karen Armstrong (2002).
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. p.
11
.
ISBN
0-8129-6618-X
.
- ^
Guidetti, Mattia (2016).
In the Shadow of the Church: The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria: The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria
.
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. p. 113.
ISBN
9789004328839
.
Archived
from the original on 20 November 2021
. Retrieved
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2017
.
- ^
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ISBN
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.
Archived
from the original on 20 November 2021
. Retrieved
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2017
.
- ^
Ali, Wijdan
(1999).
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ISBN
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.
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. Retrieved
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2017
.
- ^
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ISBN
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.
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. Retrieved
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2013
.
- ^
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.
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.
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. Retrieved
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2018
.
- ^
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.
- ^
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.
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.
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.
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.
onislam
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on 12 May 2012
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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.
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. 20 August 2011.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
- ^
Taylor, Jerome (24 September 2011).
"Mecca for the Rich: Islam's holiest site turning into Vegas"
.
The Independent
.
Archived
from the original on 16 June 2017
. Retrieved
5 December
2017
.
- ^
Abou-Ragheb, Laith (12 July 2005).
"Dr.Sami Angawi on Wahhabi Desecration of Makkah"
. Center for Islamic Pluralism.
Archived
from the original on 22 July 2016
. Retrieved
28 November
2010
.
- ^
"Ottoman Portico Demonstrates Kur?un's Lack of Knowledge of Historical Sources"
.
Al Arabiya English
. 19 July 2020.
Archived
from the original on 24 April 2021
. Retrieved
8 March
2021
.
External links
[
edit
]
People and things in the
Quran
|
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|
---|
| |
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Mentioned
| Ulul-?Azm
('Those of the
Perseverance
and Strong Will')
| |
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Debatable ones
| |
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|
---|
Implied
| |
---|
|
| People of Prophets
|
---|
Good ones
|
- Adam's immediate relatives
- Believer of Ya-Sin
- Family of Noah
- Luqman's son
- People of Abraham
- People of Jesus
- People of Solomon
- Zayd
(Muhammad's adopted son)
People of
Joseph
| |
---|
People of
Aaron and Moses
| |
---|
|
---|
Evil ones
| |
---|
Implied or
not specified
| |
---|
|
| Groups
|
---|
Mentioned
| Tribes,
ethnicities
or families
| |
---|
|
---|
Implicitly
mentioned
| |
---|
Religious
groups
| |
---|
|
|
|
Locations
|
---|
Mentioned
|
|
---|
Implied
| |
---|
|
Events, incidents, occasions or times
|
---|
| Battles or
military expeditions
| |
---|
Days
|
- Al-
Jumu?ah
(The Friday)
- As-
Sabt
(The Sabbath or Saturday)
- Days of battles
- Days of Hajj
- Doomsday
|
---|
Months of the
Islamic calendar
|
- 12 months: Four holy months
|
---|
Pilgrimages
|
- Al-
?ajj
(literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)
- Al-?
Umrah
(The Lesser Pilgrimage)
|
---|
Times for prayer
or remembrance
| Times for
Du???
('
Invocation
'),
?al?h
and
Dhikr
('Remembrance', including
Ta?m?d
('Praising'),
Takb?r
and
Tasb??
):
- Al-?Ashiyy
(The Afternoon or the Night)
- Al-Ghuduww
('The Mornings')
- Al-Bukrah
('The Morning')
- A?-?ab??
('The Morning')
- Al-Layl
('The Night')
- A?-
?uhr
('The Noon')
- Dul?k ash-Shams
('Decline of the Sun')
- Al-
Mas??
('The Evening')
- Qabl al-
Ghur?b
('Before the Setting (of the Sun)')
- Al-A??l
('The Afternoon')
- Al-
?A?r
('The Afternoon')
- Qabl ?ul?? ash-Shams
('Before the rising of the Sun')
|
---|
Implied
| |
---|
|
|
Other
|
---|
Holy books
| |
---|
Objects
of people
or beings
| Mentioned idols
(cult images)
| Of Israelites
| |
---|
Of Noah's people
| |
---|
Of Quraysh
| |
---|
|
---|
|
---|
Celestial
bodies
| Ma??b??
(literally 'lamps'):
- Al-Qamar
(The Moon)
- Kaw?kib
(Planets)
- Nuj?m
(Stars)
|
---|
Plant matter
|
Ba?al
(Onion)
F?m
(Garlic or wheat)
Sha??
(Shoot)
S?q
(Plant stem)
Zar?
(Seed)
Fruits
| |
---|
Bushes, trees
or plants
| |
---|
|
---|
Liquids
|
- M??
(Water or fluid)
- Nahr
(River)
- Yamm
(River or sea)
- Shar?b
(Drink)
|
---|
|
Note:
Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)
|
|
---|
Every year, from the eighth to the twelfth day of
Dhu al-Hijjah
.
|
Preparation
| | |
---|
Sequence
| |
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Mosques
| |
---|
Related
| |
---|
|
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Geographic
| |
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Other
| |
---|